Chapter 3: Day 5: Rock Cycle

Question 1

Basic Steps of Rock Cycle

Answer 1

1. Magma
2. Crystallization or Cooling to form Igneous Rocks
3. Igneous Rocks goes into weathering/break down if it’s instructive.
4. Break down Igneous Rocks turns into Sediment, where these particles are transfer into lakes/rivers and dumped somewhere.
5. The sediment started to have layers of different particle where it gets stuck/glue together during Lithification as a cement, compaction, and cementation. This turns into Sedimentary Rocks.
6. The preexisting/sedimentary rock goes through Metamorphism when its heat and pressure to turn into Metamorphic Rocks
7. If Metamorphic Rocks get heated to the point where it starts to melt, it turns back into magma again.

Question 2

Magma and Lava

Answer 2

Magma: Underground molten rock
Lava: Above ground molten rock
Both does crystallization above or below ground to form igneous rock.

Question 3

Weathering

Answer 3

Breakdown of a material at the Earth’s surface

Question 4

Sediment

Answer 4

Solid particles produced through weathering

Question 5

Lithification

Answer 5

Conversion of sediments through compaction and crystallization by groundwater to form sedimentary rock.

Question 6

Metamorphism

Answer 6

. Change due to high temperatures and pressures below ground to form metamorphic rock
The mineral crystals atoms/bonds where originally round:
. The mineral crystals atoms/bonds slip off or sliding that turns into oval shape atoms/bonds
. The mineral crystals atoms/bonds squeezed in together with pressure. This is where the mineral will lose some particles but eventually regrow it and turns into oval shape atoms/bonds.

Question 7

Igneous Rocks

Answer 7

. Form as magma/lava/molten rock cools and crystallizes into rocks. Found located in volcanoes or where lava flows.

Question 8

Plutonic or Instructive Rocks

Answer 8

Rocks formed inside/below the Earth

Question 9

Volcanic or Extrusive rocks

Answer 9

. Rocks formed on the surface

. Formed from lava (a material similar to magma, but without gas

Question 10

From Magma to Crystalline Rock

Answer 10

Composed of ions of silicate minerals. Ions are arranged into orderly patterns during cooling

Question 11

Slow Cooling Rate

Answer 11

. Forms large crystals.

. Coarse-grained

Question 12

Fast Cooling Rate

Answer 12

. Forms microscopic crystals

. Fine-grained

Question 13

Very Fast Cooling Rate

Answer 13

. Form Glass.

. Glassy

Question 14

Mainly composed of silicate minerals

Answer 14

. Granitic (Felsic) Compositions

. Basaltic (Mafic) Compositions

Question 15

Texture

Answer 15

Size, shape, and arrangement of minerals that make up rock

Question 16

Granitic (Felsic) Rocks

Answer 16

. Igneous Rock
. Light-colored igneous rock with grains large enough to be visible with the unaided eye.
. Dominant Minerals: Pyroxene, Plagioclase Feldspar
. Accessory Minerals: Amphibole, Olivine
. Minerals Containing: Muscovite, Quartz, Potassium Feldspar, Sodium Rich.
. Contains a lot of silica, sodium and potassium
. Lack of iron, magnesium, and calcium.
. Easily Melt in lower temperature.

Question 17

3 Common Granitic (Felsic) Rocks

Answer 17

. Granite (Course Grained)
. Rhyolite (Fine Grained)
. Obsidian (Glassy)

Question 18

Andesitic (Intermediate) Rocks

Answer 18

. Igneous Rock
. Composed of dark and light colored silicates
. Dominant Minerals: Amphibole, Plagioclase Feldspar
. Accessory Minerals: Pyroxene, Biotite.
. Mixture of felsic and mafic compositions
. Contains some of silica, sodium and potassium
. Contains some magnesium, and calcium.
. Moderately Melt in average temperature.

Question 19

2 Common Andesitic (Intermediate) Rocks

Answer 19

. Diorite (Course Grained)

. Andesite (Fine Grained)

Question 20

Basaltic (Mafic) Rocks

Answer 20

. Igneous Rock
. Composed of dark-colored silicates
. Dominant Minerals: Quartz, Potassium Feldspar
. Accessory Minerals: Plagioclase Feldspar, Amphibole, Muscovite, Biotite.
. Formed from the fast cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich lava exposed at the surface
. Minerals Containing: Dark Colored Minerals, Pyroxene, Calcium Rich.
. Lack of silica, sodium and potassium
. Contains a lot of iron, magnesium, and calcium.
. Tough Melt in High temperature.

Question 21

2 Common Basaltic (Mafic) Rocks

Answer 21

. Gabbro (Course Grained)

. Basalt (Fine Grained)

Question 22

Bowen’s reaction series

Answer 22

. Shows the order of mineral crystallization

. Means of ranking common igneous silicate minerals by the temperature at which they crystallize.

Question 23

Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 23

Form from sediment or weathered products such as sand into rocks such as sandstone. Found located in sandy or dune areas.

Question 24

Percentage of all rock outcrops on the continents

Answer 24

75%

Question 25

Used to reconstruct much of Earth’s history

Answer 25

. Clues to past environments . Provide information about sediment transport . Rocks often contain fossils

Question 26

Detrital

Answer 26

. Sedimentary Rocks . Solid particles from weathering . Classified by particle size and shape

Question 27

4 Common Detritals

Answer 27

``` . Conglomerate . Breccia . Sandstone . Siltstone . Shale ```

Question 28

3 Types of Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 28

Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic

Question 29

Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic

Answer 29

. Derived from ions carried in solution to lakes and seas | . Classified by composition

Question 30

4 Common Chemical, Biochemical, and Organic

Answer 30

limestone, gypsum, chert, coal

Question 31

Types of Textures:

Answer 31

. Aphanitic: Fine grained texture where you can't see the individual mineral crystal with the naked eye. It is part of the volcanic rocks. . Phaneric: Course grained texture where you can see big crystal visible to the naked eye. It is part of the plutonic rocks. . Vesicular: Volcanic texture where it contain holes left by gas bubbles from lava. . Glassy: Volcanic texture where is a very dry lava or cooled very fast rate. Pyroclastic: Volcanic texture where it has chunk of other rocks in it came from violent volcanic eruption. These chunks where broken by fire or pyroclastic.

Question 32

Where has the greater number of texture for rocks that exist?

Answer 32

Extrusive, it is where textures are formed from the external volcanic eruptions.

Question 33

Which rock texture are the intrusive?

Answer 33

. Phaneritic texture | . Pegmatite texture

Question 34

Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 34

Where the preexisting or old rock changes when it goes through high temperatures and high pressure. The features of the rock is different from when it was. The rearrangement of crystallization becomes banded/layered or foliated. Found where in Grand Canyon, Tall Mountains.