Chapter 3: Correlational and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Question 1

These are used to establish relationships among pre-existing behaviors.

Answer 1

Correlational designs.

Question 2

These are used to predict one set of behaviors from others.

Answer 2

Correlational designs.

Question 3

The prefix “quasi” is Latin for?

Answer 3

“Seeming like.”

Question 4

These often seem like real experiments but lack essential elements such as manipulation of antecedents or random assignment.

Answer 4

Quasi-experimental design.

Question 5

True or False: Correlational designs and quasi-experimental designs tend to be higher in external validity or generalizability.

Answer 5

True.

Question 6

This is designed to determine the correlation or degree of relationship between two traits, behaviors, or events.

Answer 6

Correlational study.

Question 7

This refers to any observable behavior, characteristic, or event that can vary or have different values.

Answer 7

Variable.

Question 8

This refers to the relationship between pairs of scores from each subject.

Answer 8

Simple correlations.

Question 9

The most commonly used procedure for calculating simple correlations.

Answer 9

Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.

Question 10

The three (3) general outcomes in correlation.

Answer 10

1. Positive relationship.
2. Negative relationship.
3. No relationship.

Question 11

These refer to visual representations of the scores.

Answer 11

Scatterplot.

Question 12

Lines drawn on the scatterplot that illustrate the mathematical equation that best describes the linear relationship between the two measured scores are known as?

Answer 12

Regression lines / lines of best fit.

Question 13

Simple correlations use a _______ ______ _____, wherein the direction of the relationship between X and Y generally remains the same.

Answer 13

General linear model.

Question 14

This is used when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of another variable.

Answer 14

Linear regression analysis.

Question 15

The term for the variable we want to predict.

Answer 15

Dependent variable (DV).

Question 16

The term for the variable we are using to predict the other variable’s value.

Answer 16

Independent variable (IV).

Question 17

This is used when we want to test the relationship between several predictor variables with a criterion variable.

Answer 17

Multiple correlation.

Question 18

A study wherein the researcher is looking for relationships between variables.

Answer 18

Correlational studies.

Question 19

A design wherein the researcher is comparing different groups of subjects looking for differences or changes over time in the same group of subjects.

Answer 19

Quasi-experiments.

Question 20

A study in which the researcher systematically examines the effect of subject characteristics (subject variables) but without actually manipulating them.

Answer 20

Ex Post Facto Studies.

Question 21

“Ex post facto” means?

Answer 21

“After the fact.”

Question 22

A design in which the researcher compares the effects of different treatment conditions on pre-existing groups of participants.

Answer 22

Nonequivalent groups design.

Question 23

In this design, the researcher chooses existing groups that appear similar, but where only one of the groups experiences the treatment.

Answer 23

Nonequivalent groups design.

Question 24

In this design, behaviors of the same subjects are measured at different points in time and it looks at how things have changed.

Answer 24

Longitudinal design.

Question 25

This focuses on the influence of time on behaviors rather than how different behaviors are related.

Answer 25

Longitudinal design.

Question 26

In this design, subjects who are already at different stages are compared at a single point in time.

Answer 26

Cross-sectional studies.

Question 27

This design assesses whether the occurrence of an event increases or decreases the existing level of a person’s behavior.

Answer 27

Pre-test/post-test design.

Question 28

Practice effects which can affect the results of a pre-test/post-test design, such as being less anxious, learning new information to improve their scores, etc., are also known as?

Answer 28

Pre-test sensitization.