Chapter 2: Non-Experimental Designs

Question 1

Non-experimental approaches are used in these three (3) conditions, which are?

Answer 1

1. Experiment is not practical or desirable.
2. Testing a hypothesis in an existing real-life situation is necessary or important.
3. The person wants to explore unique or rare occurrences, or to sample personal information in natural settings.

Question 2

The two (2) major dimensions in research.

Answer 2

1. The degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions.
2. The degree of imposition of units.

Question 3

This refers to a description of an individual’s immediate experience.

Answer 3

Phenomenology.

Question 4

He was interested in the physiology of vision.

Answer 4

Johannes Purkinje.

Question 5

He dealt with basic psychological issues like habits, emotions, consciousness, and stream of thoughts from the phenomenological perspective of his own experiences.

Answer 5

William James.

Question 6

It cannot be used to understand the causes of behavior. It describes, but it does not explain a behavior.

Answer 6

Phenomenology.

Question 7

A descriptive record of a single individual’s experience, or behaviors, or both, kept by an outside observer.

Answer 7

Case studies.

Question 8

Kazdin’s (2003) five (5) major purposes of case study are?

Answer 8

1. They are a source of inferences, hypotheses, and theories.
2. They are a source for developing therapy techniques.
3. They allow a study of rare phenomena.
4. They provide exceptions, or counter instances to accepted ideas, theories, or practices.
5. They have persuasive and motivational value.

Question 9

This is when cases of deviant and normal individuals are compared for significant differences.

Answer 9

Deviant case analysis.

Question 10

This refers to non-experimental approaches used in the field or in real-life settings.

Answer 10

Field studies.

Question 11

A technique of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings.

Answer 11

Naturalistic observation studies.

Question 12

She studied family life and social bonds of rare gorillas living in Virunga Volcano mountains of Central Africa.

Answer 12

Dian Fossey.

Question 13

This person investigated whether teachers of English as a Second Language courses gave equal amounts of attention to their male and female students.

Answer 13

Yepez (1994).

Question 14

This is used to assess the quality of attachments that very young children have forged with their parents and other caregivers.

Answer 14

Strange Situation.

Question 15

In this kind of field study, the researcher actually becomes a part of the group being studied.

Answer 15

Participant-observer studies.

Question 16

A term for a “true” experiment, wherein antecedent conditions are actually manipulated by the researcher.

Answer 16

Field experiment.

Question 17

A descriptive research method in which already existing records are being reexamined for a new purpose.

Answer 17

Archival studies.

Question 18

He studied some controversial issues about African-American men.

Answer 18

Bowman (1992).

Question 19

This depends on words, rather than numbers, for the data being collected.

Answer 19

Qualitative research.

Question 20

The set of attitudes, values, beliefs, methods, and procedures that are generally accepted within a particular discipline.

Answer 20

Paradigm.

Question 21

This relies more on the following sources of data:
1. Researcher’s self-reflection.
2. Participants’ oral and written descriptions.
3. Accounts of the phenomenon.

Answer 21

Contemporary/empirical phenomenology.

Question 22

In 2002, they conducted a remarkable qualitative research of female victims of domestic violence in Israel.

Answer 22

Buchbinder & Eisikovits.