Chapter 2: Non-Experimental Designs Flashcards
Non-experimental approaches are used in these three (3) conditions, which are?
- Experiment is not practical or desirable.
- Testing a hypothesis in an existing real-life situation is necessary or important.
- The person wants to explore unique or rare occurrences, or to sample personal information in natural settings.
The two (2) major dimensions in research.
- The degree of manipulation of antecedent conditions.
- The degree of imposition of units.
This refers to a description of an individual’s immediate experience.
Phenomenology.
He was interested in the physiology of vision.
Johannes Purkinje.
He dealt with basic psychological issues like habits, emotions, consciousness, and stream of thoughts from the phenomenological perspective of his own experiences.
William James.
It cannot be used to understand the causes of behavior. It describes, but it does not explain a behavior.
Phenomenology.
A descriptive record of a single individual’s experience, or behaviors, or both, kept by an outside observer.
Case studies.
Kazdin’s (2003) five (5) major purposes of case study are?
- They are a source of inferences, hypotheses, and theories.
- They are a source for developing therapy techniques.
- They allow a study of rare phenomena.
- They provide exceptions, or counter instances to accepted ideas, theories, or practices.
- They have persuasive and motivational value.
This is when cases of deviant and normal individuals are compared for significant differences.
Deviant case analysis.
This refers to non-experimental approaches used in the field or in real-life settings.
Field studies.
A technique of observing behaviors as they occur spontaneously in natural settings.
Naturalistic observation studies.
She studied family life and social bonds of rare gorillas living in Virunga Volcano mountains of Central Africa.
Dian Fossey.
This person investigated whether teachers of English as a Second Language courses gave equal amounts of attention to their male and female students.
Yepez (1994).
This is used to assess the quality of attachments that very young children have forged with their parents and other caregivers.
Strange Situation.
In this kind of field study, the researcher actually becomes a part of the group being studied.
Participant-observer studies.
A term for a “true” experiment, wherein antecedent conditions are actually manipulated by the researcher.
Field experiment.
A descriptive research method in which already existing records are being reexamined for a new purpose.
Archival studies.
He studied some controversial issues about African-American men.
Bowman (1992).
This depends on words, rather than numbers, for the data being collected.
Qualitative research.
The set of attitudes, values, beliefs, methods, and procedures that are generally accepted within a particular discipline.
Paradigm.
This relies more on the following sources of data:
1. Researcher’s self-reflection.
2. Participants’ oral and written descriptions.
3. Accounts of the phenomenon.
Contemporary/empirical phenomenology.
In 2002, they conducted a remarkable qualitative research of female victims of domestic violence in Israel.
Buchbinder & Eisikovits.
