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Pathopharmacology > Chapter 3 - Core Concepts of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Core Concepts of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

1906 Pure Food & Drug Act

A

Forces manufacturers that produce drugs for sale in the United States to begin following minimum standards for drug purity, strength, and quality.

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2
Q

1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

A

Requires that all new prescription drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) drugs be deemed safe by the FDA before marketing drugs, cosmetics, and therapeutic devices to the public.

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3
Q

1970 Controlled Substances Act (CSA)

A

Categorizes drugs by the acceptable medical uses, the potential for drug abuse, and/or potential for dependency; requires those with prescribing or distributing privileges to have a DEA registration number to prevent fraudulent dispensing of medication.

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4
Q

1983 Orphan Drug Act

A

Gives financial incentives to manufacturers that develop drugs to treat rare diseases.

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5
Q

acute pain

A

a sudden onset of pain

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6
Q

chronic pain

A

prolonged pain

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7
Q

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

A

Established to enforce provisions of the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.

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8
Q

drug legend

A

Statement warning that any distribution without a prescription is prohibited by federal law.

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9
Q

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A

Federal agency that ensures drugs and devices are safe to use.

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10
Q

National Formulary (NF)

A

Book of preparations and standards for pharmaceuticals.

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11
Q

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1990

A

Legislation that mandates pharmacies to ask customers if they would like to be educated about their medication at time of purchase.

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12
Q

over-the-counter (OTC)

A

Any medication bought without a prescription.

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13
Q

Schedule I

A

Listing of drugs not currently used in medical treatment that have a high potential for abuse.

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14
Q

Schedule II

A

Listing of drugs that have usage in medical treatment but with severe restrictions because of a high potential for abuse.

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15
Q

Schedule III

A

Listing of drugs currently used in medical treatment that have less of a potential for abuse than drugs in schedules I and II.

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16
Q

Schedule IV

A

Listing of drugs currently used in the medical treatment but have a slight potential for abuse; less than schedules II and III.

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17
Q

Schedule V

A

Currently used for medical treatment with less potential for abuse than drugs in schedule IV; have a slight possibility for abuse and might cause limited physical or psychological dependence.

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18
Q

United States Pharmacopeia (USP)

A

Collection of drug standards and testing that determines the strength, purity, and quality of a drug.

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19
Q

United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary (USP-NF)

A

A reference compiled by combining the USP and NF to form one source.

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20
Q

brand names

A

Proprietary drug name owned by a company.

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21
Q

chemical name

A

The drug name used to describe the anatomic or molecular structure of a substance.

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22
Q

drug classification

A

A method used to group drugs in a meaningful way.

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23
Q

formulary

A

A list of medications offered in a particular hospital or healthcare system.

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24
Q

generic name

A

A name not owned by any particular pharmaceutical company.

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25
Q

official name

A

Name given by the USP/NF, after the drug has been approved for use.

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26
Q

pharmacist

A

Individual licensed to prepare and distribute medications.

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27
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

Pertains to genetic differences that can cause a drug to affect us in different ways, whether therapeutically or adversely.

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28
Q

pharmacogenomics

A

Analyzes human genes to better understand how an individual’s genetics affects the way drugs affect his or her body.

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29
Q

pharmacology

A

The study of the origin, uses, effects, and actions of chemicals in living organisms.

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30
Q

pharmacotherapy

A

The act of giving drugs targeted to treat disease.

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31
Q

pharmacy

A

Dispenses medications to the public.

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32
Q

pharmacy technicians

A

Individuals who assist and work under the direct supervision of pharmacists.

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33
Q

prescription

A

Written orders for a certain therapy or medication; also called scripts.

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34
Q

prototype

A

A drug that typifies a certain drug classification.

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35
Q

therapeutic level

A

Preferred level of a drug required to treat disease.

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36
Q

toxicology

A

The study of a chemicals and pharmacologic actions on the body with poisons and antidotes.

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37
Q

trade name

A

Proprietary name owned by a pharmaceutical company to market its creation to the public; also known as a brand name.

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38
Q

United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council

A

Group that gives names to generic medications.

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39
Q

absolute contraindication

A

Medication or procedure is life-threatening and the benefits do not outweigh the risks; should not be administered.

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40
Q

adverse reactions

A

Can occur suddenly or over time and range from patient discomfort to possible death; also known as side effects.

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41
Q

AHFS Drug Information (American Health-System Formulary Service)

A

A book primarily for pharmacists that covers such topics as drug stability and chemical information.

42
Q

cautions

A

A list of certain patients for whom or conditions under which a drug should be used with close supervision.

43
Q

contraindications

A

A list of reasons why a certain drug should not be given.

44
Q

drug actions

A

The interactions between a drug and body at the cellular level.

45
Q

interaction

A

List of items that can interact and change a drug’s effect.

46
Q

labeled indication

A

Uses for what the drug is intended to treat.

47
Q

nonlabeled indication

A

When a drug or medication is used to treat a condition for which it is not approved; may be used if enough research proves it beneficial.

48
Q

Physician’s Desk Reference (PDR)

A

Collection of specific drug information required by the FDA from drug manufacturers that includes photos of medications.

49
Q

relative contraindication

A

A drug or procedure that is only done if the benefits outweigh the risks.

50
Q

side effects

A

Undesirable experiences of medication that can occur quickly or over time; also known as adverse reactions.

51
Q

chempinformatics

A

The usage of analytical data about the properties, structure, and molecular activities of chemical compounds used to design a drug.

52
Q

Investigational new drugs (IND)

A

Three-step process for a drug to be approved by the FDA for clinical use.

53
Q

local effect

A

Stimulation of a certain part or region of the body.

54
Q

pharmacognosy

A

Studies the natural sources of pharmaceuticals.

55
Q

semisynthetic

A

Drug having a natural origin with a chemically altered variation.

56
Q

synthetic

A

chemically manufactured drug

57
Q

systemic effect

A

effect of a drug on the entire body

58
Q

absorption

A

Drug dissolution into the patient’s bloodstream.

59
Q

agonist

A

Substance that binds to a receptor site and causes a response.

60
Q

additive

A

Effect that occurs when two drugs are taken separately, but at the same time together, summative affect when two drugs are taken together.

61
Q

potentiation

A

When two or more drugs have an increased response or a prolonged effect when given together.

62
Q

synegism

A

Effect when two drugs work together to reach an increased effect much greater than if either drug was given alone.

63
Q

antagonist

A

Blocks a desired effect; when two drugs are given and they cancel out the desired effect.

64
Q

bioavailability

A

The measurement of how much of a drug is found in our bloodstream.

65
Q

biotransforms

A

The chemical changes of a drug in the body as a result of metabolism.

66
Q

cumulative effect

A

Occurs when a drug is not eliminated from the body and the drug level accumulates.

67
Q

excretion

A

Stage at which the drug has been broken down to be eliminated from the body.

68
Q

ionized

A

A charged state in which drugs will not be absorbed until they reach a certain environment that allows them to become nonionized; then they can be absorbed.

69
Q

lipid (fat) solubility

A

Ability to dissolve in lipids (fats); substances with low-fat solubility are absorbed at a slower rate, while those with a high-fat solubility are absorbed faster.

70
Q

metabolized

A

When a drug is broken down or biotransformed, primarily done in the liver.

71
Q

nonionized

A

Noncharged state during which drugs can be absorbed through the membranes of the body and into the blood.

72
Q

pH

A

In regards to drugs, it is the range from acidity to alkalinity in the GI tract.

73
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

Actions from a drug in the body.

74
Q

pharmacokynetics

A

The movement of a drug through the body from absorption to elimination.

75
Q

placebo effect

A

Fake pill or sugar pill that the patient believes is medicine to treat his or her condition.

76
Q

prodrugs

A

Drugs that only become active as they are broken down into metabolites.

77
Q

selective distribution

A

Occurs when drugs have a greater affinity to reach a certain area than others, such as a cell or organ in the body.

78
Q

therapeutic range

A

Amount of a drug present in the blood that gives the desired effect without causing any toxicity or side effects.

79
Q

Volume of Distribution (VB)``

A

Areas where a drug can be distributed in the body.

80
Q

anaphylactic reaction

A

A severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction to a drug.

81
Q

booster dose

A

Given to maintain the desired immune response of a primary immunization.

82
Q

dependence

A

Occurs when a person has a desire or a need for a drug.

83
Q

half-life (T 1/2)

A

The time for a drug dose to decrease by half after it is administered.

84
Q

hypersensitivity

A

When a patient has an allergic reaction to a substance.

85
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

Type of adverse drug reaction that is uncommon in response to a drug.

86
Q

lethal dose

A

a drug dose causing death

87
Q

loading dose

A

Larger initial dose given to quickly establish the desired therapeutic effect.

88
Q

maintenance dose

A

Drug dose given to maintain a desired dose of drug in the blood.

89
Q

maximum dose

A

The largest dose without causing a toxic effect.

90
Q

minimum dose

A

The smallest dose of a drug required to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

91
Q

paradoxical reaction

A

Drug reaction that does the opposite of what was intended.

92
Q

pregnancy category A

A

Category of drug that has been studied and shown to have no adverse fetal effects.

93
Q

pregnancy category B

A

Category of drug tested on animals with no adverse effects but not tested on pregnant women.

94
Q

pregnancy category C

A

Category of drug with no convincing studies done on animals or pregnant women to determine adverse effects.

95
Q

pregnancy category D

A

Category of drugs showing adverse effects to fetus and given only when benefits to mother outweigh fetal risk.

96
Q

pregnancy category X

A

Category of drugs showing adverse fetal effects and not to be used under any circumstances.

97
Q

steady state

A

Method of drug administration where the same amount of drug is eliminated as administered therefore giving a predicable effect.

98
Q

teratogenic effect

A

Drugs that can cause physical malformations in a fetus.

99
Q

therapeutic dose

A

Is the dose needed to obtain the desired effect.

100
Q

tolerance

A

Process that occurs when a dose of a drug is taken repeatedly and has less effect on the person, so a larger dose is required to reach the desired effect.

101
Q

toxic dose

A

Side effects that can result in poisoning the patient.

102
Q
A

Pathopharmacology (6 decks)

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