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Pathopharmacology > Chapter 2 - Mechanism of Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Mechanism of Disease Flashcards

1
Q

benign

A

Noncancerous tumor.

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2
Q

cachexia

A

Describes thin and wasting away appearance.

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3
Q

cancer

A

malignant cell growth

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4
Q

chromosomal disorders

A

Abnormality of a whole or partial chromosome.

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5
Q

congenital disease

A

An inherited disease at birth that may not be experienced until later in life or fetal damage due to maternal trauma.

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6
Q

enteral route

A

Administering substances through the GI tract, including oral, feeding tubes, and rectal routes.

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7
Q

hyperplasia

A

An overgrowth of tissue in a response to a stimulus.

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8
Q

malignant

A

cancerous cell growth

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9
Q

malnutrition

A

poor nutrition

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10
Q

multifactorial disorders

A

Caused by the abnormality of many genes.

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11
Q

nasogastric tube (NG)

A

A tube that is passed through the nasal passage and into the stomach for a short-term feeding solution.

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12
Q

neoplasm

A

A new growth called a tumor.

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13
Q

parenteral route

A

Substance given by an injection.

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14
Q

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedure

A

The procedure for inserting a feeding tube through the abdomen and into the stomach.

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15
Q

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube

A

The actual tube used to administer fluids, medications, and nutrition.

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16
Q

single gene

A

Likely to be a recessive or an inherited disorder.

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17
Q

tissue degeneration

A

Tissues cannot replace the cells as efficiently with old age.

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18
Q

total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

A

All nutrition is received through a vein.

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19
Q

trauma

A

Physical injury or a disturbing experience.

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20
Q

acquired immunity

A

Immunity developed over time through pathogenic exposure.

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21
Q

acquired immunodeficiency disorder (AIDS)

A

Occurs after HIV exposure after the individual’s immune system is severely compromised.

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22
Q

active acquired immunity

A

Immunity occurring when the body is exposed to a pathogen and produces antibodies to defend itself against re-exposure.

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23
Q

allergens

A

Foreign substances to which the body is hypersensitive.

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24
Q

allergies

A

Bodily reaction to an allergen exposure.

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25
Q

anaphylaxis reaction

A

A serious, sometimes life-threatening, allergic reaction.

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26
Q

autoimmunity

A

A situation in which the immune system fights against its own tissues and cells.

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27
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

Consisting of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), it is the body’s main defender from foreign substances.

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28
Q

genetic immunity

A

General ability of our body to respond to an invader based on genetic traits we are born with.

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29
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

A virus that progressively attacks the body’s immune system by destroying specialized cells called helper T-cells.

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30
Q

humoral immunity

A

A type of acquired immunity from circulating antibodies.

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31
Q

immune system

A

Specialized cells, tissues, and organs that fight against and protect our bodies from disease.

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32
Q

immunity

A

Ability to protect from illness.

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33
Q

immunodeficiency

A

The inability of the body to defend and protect itself from pathogenic organisms.

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34
Q

inflammation

A

A bodily process used to kill invaders to allow healing.

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35
Q

maternal immunity

A

The strengthening of a baby’s immune system by receiving antibodies from the mother’s breast milk.

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36
Q

nonspecific inflammation

A

A quick response that locates the foreign invader, kills it, and cleans up the remaining debris to allow healing.

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37
Q

passive acquired immunity

A

The body acquires antibodies for a specific disease from a vaccine.

38
Q

specific immune response

A

An immune action that kills the foreign organisms in a selective process by marking the foreign invader.

39
Q

wheals

A

Also known as hives or urticaria, are itchy, raised, red-colored circles resembling welts.

40
Q

anthelmintics

A

A class of drugs used to treat worm infections.

41
Q

antibiotics

A

A class of drugs used to treat bacterial infections.

42
Q

antivirals

A

A class of drugs used to treat viral infections.

43
Q

bacteria

A

single-celled microorganisms

44
Q

capsid

A

a virus’s outer coating

45
Q

fungus

A

A plant-like organism spread by spores.

46
Q

helminths

A

parasitic worms

47
Q

hookworms

A

Type of parasitic worms found in tropical regions of the world that enter the body through the bare feet of those walking on contaminated soil.

48
Q

infection

A

Invasion of pathogenic microorganisms.

49
Q

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A

an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria

50
Q

mycosis

A

A disease caused by a fungus.

51
Q

normal flora

A

Native bacteria needed for normal body function.

52
Q

opportunistic organisms

A

Invade regions of the body causing illness when given the opportunity.

53
Q

pinworms

A

The most common parasitic intestinal worm infection in the United States.

54
Q

primary infection

A

Infection resulting from first exposure to pathogen.

55
Q

protozoa

A

One-cell members of the animal kingdom found in soil and water.

56
Q

rickettsiae

A

Nonmotile bacteria.

57
Q

secondary infection

A

An infection developing as a result of another illness or injury.

58
Q

tapeworms

A

Intestinal parasites found in both humans and animals.

59
Q

viruses

A

Microorganisms smaller than bacteria and that require a host cell to reproduce.

60
Q

abscess

A

A collection of pus in an area of the body.

61
Q

chemotaxis

A

The ability of cells to move to a location.

62
Q

chronic inflammation

A

Ongoing inflammation of 7 to 10 days.

63
Q

diapedesis

A

Movement of cells out of blood vessels during the inflammatory process to assist in the healing process.

64
Q

exudates

A

Leakage of cellular debris from the bloodstream to the tissues of the body from an injury or irritation.

65
Q

fibrinous exudate

A

Fluid containing fibrinogen that indicates a large injury and inflammation are present.

66
Q

granuloma

A

Hardened tissue formed by the calcification of macrophages and fibrous tissues formed by collagen.

67
Q

histamines

A

Chemical substances released to cause dilation of vessels in response to injury or irritation.

68
Q

hyperemia

A

Increases blood flow to a certain area causing redness and warm sensation.

69
Q

inflammatory exudate

A

Cellular debris resulting from inflammation.

70
Q

lesion

A

Damaged or defective area on the inside or outside of the body such as scabs, ulcers, and tumors.

71
Q

leukocytes

A

a type of white blood cell

72
Q

neutrophils

A

A specialized WBC that is part of the innate immune response.

73
Q

phagocytosis

A

The process of neutrophils escaping blood vessels and entering tissue to surround and attack the foreign invader to destroy it.

74
Q

purulent exudate

A

Pus containing cellular and tissue debris.

75
Q

pus

A

Viscous fluid containing primarily white blood cellular debris resulting from the inflammatory process.

76
Q

serous exudate

A

Thin watery fluid that exudes or escapes from blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.

77
Q

transudate

A

Occurs when too much pressure is present, causing fluid to cross the semipermeable membrane of a blood vessel.

78
Q

ulcers

A

Cavitous or crater-like sores occurring either internally or externally, causing tissue to slough off.

79
Q

adhesion

A

A normal scar that develops internally and that can cause structural problems.

80
Q

chronic inflammation

A

Ongoing inflammation of 7 to 10 days.

81
Q

collagen

A

Fibrous protein in the connective tissue.

82
Q

debridement

A

The process of removing foreign material and necrotic tissue from a wound.

83
Q

dehiscence

A

The reopening of a wound because of weak scar tissue.

84
Q

facultative mitotic cells

A

Cell division process used to replace cells.

85
Q

fibroblasts

A

Cells found in connective tissue that fill the deep area of a wound and forms collagen.

86
Q

keloid

A

excessive scar tissue growth

87
Q

mitotic cells

A

A type of cell that always divides and continues to do so throughout our lifetime.

88
Q

nondividing cells

A

Cells that do not divide when damaged, resulting in loss of function.

89
Q

primary union (first intention)

A

Small wounds with no debris or bacteria present, allowing a quick healing time.

90
Q

secondary union (second intention)

A

A large wound loaded with debris and/or bacteria making it difficult to heal.

91
Q
A

Pathopharmacology (6 decks)

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