Chapter 2 - Mechanism of Disease Flashcards
benign
Noncancerous tumor.
cachexia
Describes thin and wasting away appearance.
cancer
malignant cell growth
chromosomal disorders
Abnormality of a whole or partial chromosome.
congenital disease
An inherited disease at birth that may not be experienced until later in life or fetal damage due to maternal trauma.
enteral route
Administering substances through the GI tract, including oral, feeding tubes, and rectal routes.
hyperplasia
An overgrowth of tissue in a response to a stimulus.
malignant
cancerous cell growth
malnutrition
poor nutrition
multifactorial disorders
Caused by the abnormality of many genes.
nasogastric tube (NG)
A tube that is passed through the nasal passage and into the stomach for a short-term feeding solution.
neoplasm
A new growth called a tumor.
parenteral route
Substance given by an injection.
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy procedure
The procedure for inserting a feeding tube through the abdomen and into the stomach.
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube
The actual tube used to administer fluids, medications, and nutrition.
single gene
Likely to be a recessive or an inherited disorder.
tissue degeneration
Tissues cannot replace the cells as efficiently with old age.
total parenteral nutrition (TPN)
All nutrition is received through a vein.
trauma
Physical injury or a disturbing experience.
acquired immunity
Immunity developed over time through pathogenic exposure.
acquired immunodeficiency disorder (AIDS)
Occurs after HIV exposure after the individual’s immune system is severely compromised.
active acquired immunity
Immunity occurring when the body is exposed to a pathogen and produces antibodies to defend itself against re-exposure.
allergens
Foreign substances to which the body is hypersensitive.
allergies
Bodily reaction to an allergen exposure.
anaphylaxis reaction
A serious, sometimes life-threatening, allergic reaction.
autoimmunity
A situation in which the immune system fights against its own tissues and cells.
cell-mediated immunity
Consisting of specialized white blood cells (WBCs), it is the body’s main defender from foreign substances.
genetic immunity
General ability of our body to respond to an invader based on genetic traits we are born with.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A virus that progressively attacks the body’s immune system by destroying specialized cells called helper T-cells.
humoral immunity
A type of acquired immunity from circulating antibodies.
immune system
Specialized cells, tissues, and organs that fight against and protect our bodies from disease.
immunity
Ability to protect from illness.
immunodeficiency
The inability of the body to defend and protect itself from pathogenic organisms.
inflammation
A bodily process used to kill invaders to allow healing.
maternal immunity
The strengthening of a baby’s immune system by receiving antibodies from the mother’s breast milk.
nonspecific inflammation
A quick response that locates the foreign invader, kills it, and cleans up the remaining debris to allow healing.
passive acquired immunity
The body acquires antibodies for a specific disease from a vaccine.
specific immune response
An immune action that kills the foreign organisms in a selective process by marking the foreign invader.
wheals
Also known as hives or urticaria, are itchy, raised, red-colored circles resembling welts.
anthelmintics
A class of drugs used to treat worm infections.
antibiotics
A class of drugs used to treat bacterial infections.
antivirals
A class of drugs used to treat viral infections.
bacteria
single-celled microorganisms
capsid
a virus’s outer coating
fungus
A plant-like organism spread by spores.
helminths
parasitic worms
hookworms
Type of parasitic worms found in tropical regions of the world that enter the body through the bare feet of those walking on contaminated soil.
infection
Invasion of pathogenic microorganisms.
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria
mycosis
A disease caused by a fungus.
normal flora
Native bacteria needed for normal body function.
opportunistic organisms
Invade regions of the body causing illness when given the opportunity.
pinworms
The most common parasitic intestinal worm infection in the United States.
primary infection
Infection resulting from first exposure to pathogen.
protozoa
One-cell members of the animal kingdom found in soil and water.
rickettsiae
Nonmotile bacteria.
secondary infection
An infection developing as a result of another illness or injury.
tapeworms
Intestinal parasites found in both humans and animals.
viruses
Microorganisms smaller than bacteria and that require a host cell to reproduce.
abscess
A collection of pus in an area of the body.
chemotaxis
The ability of cells to move to a location.
chronic inflammation
Ongoing inflammation of 7 to 10 days.
diapedesis
Movement of cells out of blood vessels during the inflammatory process to assist in the healing process.
exudates
Leakage of cellular debris from the bloodstream to the tissues of the body from an injury or irritation.
fibrinous exudate
Fluid containing fibrinogen that indicates a large injury and inflammation are present.
granuloma
Hardened tissue formed by the calcification of macrophages and fibrous tissues formed by collagen.
histamines
Chemical substances released to cause dilation of vessels in response to injury or irritation.
hyperemia
Increases blood flow to a certain area causing redness and warm sensation.
inflammatory exudate
Cellular debris resulting from inflammation.
lesion
Damaged or defective area on the inside or outside of the body such as scabs, ulcers, and tumors.
leukocytes
a type of white blood cell
neutrophils
A specialized WBC that is part of the innate immune response.
phagocytosis
The process of neutrophils escaping blood vessels and entering tissue to surround and attack the foreign invader to destroy it.
purulent exudate
Pus containing cellular and tissue debris.
pus
Viscous fluid containing primarily white blood cellular debris resulting from the inflammatory process.
serous exudate
Thin watery fluid that exudes or escapes from blood vessels into the surrounding tissue.
transudate
Occurs when too much pressure is present, causing fluid to cross the semipermeable membrane of a blood vessel.
ulcers
Cavitous or crater-like sores occurring either internally or externally, causing tissue to slough off.
adhesion
A normal scar that develops internally and that can cause structural problems.
chronic inflammation
Ongoing inflammation of 7 to 10 days.
collagen
Fibrous protein in the connective tissue.
debridement
The process of removing foreign material and necrotic tissue from a wound.
dehiscence
The reopening of a wound because of weak scar tissue.
facultative mitotic cells
Cell division process used to replace cells.
fibroblasts
Cells found in connective tissue that fill the deep area of a wound and forms collagen.
keloid
excessive scar tissue growth
mitotic cells
A type of cell that always divides and continues to do so throughout our lifetime.
nondividing cells
Cells that do not divide when damaged, resulting in loss of function.
primary union (first intention)
Small wounds with no debris or bacteria present, allowing a quick healing time.
secondary union (second intention)
A large wound loaded with debris and/or bacteria making it difficult to heal.
