Chapter 3 - Chem. Building Blocks

Question 0

Amino group

Answer 0

Amino group, in chemistry, functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom attached by single bonds to hydrogen atoms,

Question 1

Carboxyl group

Answer 1

Carboxyl Group Definition: The carboxyl group is an organic functional group consisting of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydroxyl group.

The carboxyl group is commonly written as -C(=O)OH or -COOH.

Question 2

Isomer

Answer 2

In chemistry, isomers (/ˈaɪsəmərz/; from Greek ἰσομερής, isomerès; isos = “equal”, méros = “part”) are molecules with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures. That is, isomers contain the same number of atoms of each element, but have different arrangements of their atoms in space.

Question 3

Monomer

Answer 3

A monomer (/ˈmɒnəmər/ MON-ə-mər) (mono-, “one” + -mer, “part”) is a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer.

Question 4

Monosaccharide

Answer 4

the most basic units of carbohydrates. They are the simplest form of sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. Examples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose) and galactose.

Question 5

Disaccharide

Answer 5

A disaccharide is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose.

Question 6

Sucrose

Answer 6

Glucose, fructose

Question 7

Maltose

Answer 7

Digesting starch

Question 8

Lactose

Answer 8

Glucose, galactose

Question 9

Ribose

Answer 9

Ribose, found in RNA, is a “normal” sugar, with one oxygen atom attached to each carbon atom.

Question 10

Deoxyribose

Answer 10

Deoxyribose, found in DNA, is a modified sugar, lacking one oxygen atom (hence the name “deoxy”). This difference of one oxygen atom is important for the enzymes that recognize DNA and RNA, because it allows these two molecules to be easily distinguished inside organisms.

Question 11

Polysaccharide

Answer 11

Complex carbs, Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides. They range in structure from linear to highly branched.

Question 12

Starch

Answer 12

From plants. Polymer of α glucose

Question 13

Carbohydrates

Answer 13

Sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 14

Lipids

Answer 14

Nonpolar molecules dissolve in water

Question 15

Proteins

Answer 15

Polymers of amino acids

Question 16

Nuclei acids

Answer 16

RNA, DNA polymers of nucleotides

Question 17

Amylose

Answer 17

Branched starch

Question 18

Amylin

Answer 18

Peptide hormone

Question 19

Cellulose

Answer 19

Plants. Polymer of β glucose

Question 20

Glycogen

Answer 20

Animals. Polymer of alpha glucose

Question 21

Triglycerides

Answer 21

Fats and oils. Each consist of three fatty acid’s bonded to a glycerol. Functions as energy storage. Mostly nonpolar

Question 22

Lipid

Answer 22

Mostly nonpolar molecules

Question 23

Phospholipids

Answer 23

Each consist of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to a glycerol. Used to build cellular membranes and all organisms but Archaia

Question 24

Steroid

Answer 24

Four hydrocarbon rings fused together nothing but hydrogen and carbon. Don’t dissolve in H2O

Question 25

RNA

Answer 25

Shape variable depending on type. Messenger, ribosomal, transfer. Single stranded. Assembled amino acids to form polypeptides/proteins

Question 26

DNA

Answer 26

Double helix. Acts as a template for formation of RNA (transcription)

Question 27

ATP

Answer 27

Shuttles energy within cell. Energy carrier/intermediate. Fires neurons, muscle contractions, etc, etc, etc

Question 28

Fatty acids

Answer 28

Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.

Question 29

Nucleotide

Answer 29

Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomers, or subunits, of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. The building blocks of nucleic acids, nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), and at least one phosphate group.

Question 30

Amylopectin

Answer 30

Amylopectin is a soluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of glucose found in plants. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylose. Glucose units are linked in a linear way with α glycosidic bonds.

Question 31

Phosphidiester bonds

Answer 31

In DNA and RNA, the phosphodiester bond is the linkage between the 3’ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5’ carbon atom of another, deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA. Strong covalent bonds form between the phosphate group and two 5-carbon ring carbohydrates (pentoses) over two ester bonds.

Question 32

Purine

Answer 32

A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound. It consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines, which include substituted purines and their tautomers, are the most widely occurring nitrogen-containing heterocycle in nature.[1]

Question 33

Adenine

Answer 33

Adenine /ˈædɨnɨn/ (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative) with a variety of roles in biochemistry including cellular respiration, in the form of both the energy-rich adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and the cofactors nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and protein synthesis, as a chemical component of DNA and RNA.[2] The shape of adenine is complementary to either thymine in DNA or uracil in RNA.

Question 34

mRNA

Answer 34

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.

Question 35

rRNA

Answer 35

In molecular biology, ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.

Question 36

tRNA

Answer 36

A transfer RNA for is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length,[2] that serves as the physical link between the nucleotide sequence of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins. It does this by carrying an amino acid to the protein synthetic machinery of a cell (ribosome) as directed by a three-nucleotide sequence (codon) in a messenger RNA (mRNA).

Question 37

Guanine

Answer 37

Guanine /ˈɡwɑːnɨn/ (G, Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).

Question 38

Cytosine

Answer 38

Cytosine /ˈsaɪtɵsɨn/ (C) is one of the four main bases found in DNA and RNA, along with adenine, guanine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).

Question 39

Pyrimidline

Answer 39

Pyrimidine is an aromatic heterocyclic organic compound similar to pyridine.[2] One of the three diazines (six-membered heterocyclics with two nitrogen atoms in the ring), it has the nitrogens at positions 1 and 3 in the ring.[3]

Question 40

Thymine

Answer 40

Thymine /ˈθaɪmɨn/ (T, Thy) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of DNA that are represented by the letters G–C–A–T. The others are adenine, guanine, and cytosine.

Question 41

Uracil

Answer 41

Uracil /ˈjʊərəsɪl/ (U) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid of RNA that are represented by the letters A, G, C and U. The others are adenine (A), cytosine (C), and guanine (G).

Question 42

Base-pairing

Answer 42

The pair of nitrogenous bases that connects the complementary strands of DNA or of double-stranded RNA and consists of a purine linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine: adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine in DNA, and adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine in RNA.

Question 43

NAD+

Answer 43

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. Oxidized form of NAD

Question 44

FAD

Answer 44

In biochemistry, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is a redox cofactor involved in several important reactions in metabolism. FAD can exist in two different redox states, which it converts between by accepting or donating electrons.

Question 45

Amino acid

Answer 45

Amino acids (/əˈmiːnoʊ/, /əˈmaɪnoʊ/, or /ˈæmɪnoʊ/) are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine (-NH2) and carboxylic acid (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side-chain specific to each amino acid. The key elements of an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

Question 46

Peptide bond

Answer 46

A peptide bond (amide bond) is a covalent chemical bond formed between two amino acid molecules.

Question 47

Polypeptide

Answer 47

Polypeptides are chains of amino acids. Proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide molecules. The amino acids are linked covalently by peptide bonds. The graphic on the right shows how three amino acids are linked by peptide bonds into a tripeptide.

Question 48

α helix

Answer 48

The alpha helix (α-helix) is a common secondary structure of proteins and is a righthand-coiled or spiral conformation (helix) in which every backbone N-H group donates a hydrogen bond to the backbone C=O group of the amino acid four residues earlier (i+4 \rightarrow i hydrogen bonding).

Question 49

β sheet

Answer 49

The β sheet (also β-pleated sheet) is the second form of regular secondary structure in proteins. It is less common than the alpha helix. Beta sheets consist of beta strands connected laterally by at least two or three backbone hydrogen bonds, forming a generally twisted, pleated sheet.

Question 50

Protein subunit

Answer 50

In structural biology, a protein subunit is a single protein molecule that assembles (or “coassembles”) with other protein molecules to form a protein complex.

Question 51

Chaperone protein

Answer 51

In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the covalent folding or unfolding and the assembly or disassembly of other macromolecular structures. Chaperones are present when the macromolecules perform their normal biological functions and have correctly completed the processes of folding and/or assembly.

Question 52

Motif

Answer 52

A recurring pattern of protein folding, e.g. a homeobox

Question 53

Denaturation

Answer 53

Denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose the quaternary structure, tertiary structure and secondary structure which is present in their native state, by application of some external stress or compound such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent

Question 54

Polyunsaturated

Answer 54

Polyunsaturated fats are lipids in which the constituent hydrocarbon chain possesses two or more carbon–carbon double bonds. Polyunsaturated fat can be found mostly in nuts, seeds, fish, algae, leafy greens, and krill.

Question 55

Glycerol

Answer 55

Glycerol /ˈɡlɪsərɒl/[4] (also called glycerine or glycerin; see spelling differences) is a simple polyol (sugar alcohol) compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations. Glycerol has three hydroxyl groups that are responsible for its solubility in water and its hygroscopic nature. The glycerol backbone is central to all lipids known as triglycerides. Glycerol is sweet-tasting and generally considered non-toxic.

Question 56

Terpene

Answer 56

Terpenes (/ˈtɜrpiːn/ tur-peen) are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers,[1] though also by some insects

Question 57

Prostaglandin

Answer 57

The prostaglandins are a group of physiologically active lipid compounds having diverse hormone‑like effects in animals. Prostaglandins have been found in almost every tissue in humans and other animals.