Chapter 1 - Science of Biology Flashcards
Hierarchical organization
Cellular level: Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells
Organismal level: tissues, organs, organ systems
Population level: population, species, biological community
Ecosystem level
Biosphere: entire planet
Characteristics shared by living systems
Cellular organization, ordered complexity, sensitivity, growth, development, and reproduction, energy utilization, homeostasis, evolutionary adaptation.
Deductive reasoning
Replace general principles to protect specific results.reasoning of mathematics and philosophy, and is used to test validity of general ideas.
inductive reasoning
Logic flows from specific to general. Uses specific observations to construct general scientific principles.
Test experiment
One variable is altered in a known way to test a particular hypothesis
Control experiment
Variable is left unaltered
Reductionism
Philosophical approach that breaks larger systems into their component parts.
Homologous structures
Bones that have the same evolutionary origin, but now different structure and function
Analogous structures
Structures that have similar function but different evolutionary origins. Eg: butterfly and bird wings
Phylogenetic tree
Represents the evolutionary history of the Dean, it’s family tree.
Cell theory
All living organisms consist of cells. Biologists schleidsn and Schwann. All cells come from pre existing cells
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid. Formed from two long chains of building blocks, called nucleotides. Four different nucleotides are found in DNA and sequence in which they occur encode cells information
Gene
Specific sequences of several hundred too many thousand nucleotides make up a gene, a discrete unit of information
Homeostasis
The maintenance of a relatively stable internal physiological environment and an organism;usually involves some form of feedback self-regulation
Macromolecule
And extremely large biological molecule; refers specifically to proteins, nucleic acid, polysaccharides, lipids and complexes of these.
Organelle
Specialized part of cell
Population
Any group of individuals, usually of a single species, occupying a given area at the same time
Fungi
Have cell walls of chitin and obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes and then absorbing products released from the environment
Animalia
Luck so walls and obtain energy by ingesting other organisms
Protista
Consists of all single so eukaryotes except yeasts. Also multicellular algae
Plantae
Have cell walls of cellulose and obtain energy by photosynthesis
Atom
Smallest unit of an element that contains all the characteristics of that element
Tissue
Group of similar cells are organized into a structural and functional unit
Prokaryote
A bacterium; a cell lacking a membrane – bound nucleus or membrane – bound organelles
Eukaryote
A cell characterized by membrane-bound organelles, most notably the nucleus, and one that possesses chromosomes who’s DNA is associated with proteins; an organism composed of such cells
Natural selection
Effect environment has on a variable population, such that the best adapted individuals reproduce and survive at a higher rate
3 domains of living things
Archaea, bacteria, eukarya
Kingdoms of eukarya
Bacteria, Protista, Animalia, plantae
3 factors that influence extent to which Chem reactions occur
Catalysts, temps, concentration, surface area, reactants
What type of covalent bond is found in water
Polar covalent between H and O
