Chapter 3- Cells Flashcards
Describe the 3 parts to cell theory
Cells are building blocks of all plants and ani miles
New cells come from the division (reproduction) or existing cells
Cells are the smallest living unites that carry out vital functions
What is a zygote and why is important?
A zygote is a fertilized ovum that has the genetic potential to become any cell in the body.
Describe cellular differentiation
The cytoplasm in the ovum has regional differences.
As cells inside ovum multiply, the cytoplasmic differences affect the dna of new cells.
Daughter cells develop specialized structural and functional characteristics
What produces the specialized cells that form tissues of the body?
Cellular differentiation
What is extra cellular fluid?
Watery medium surrounding cell
What is interstitial fluid
The extra cellular fluid in most tissues
What are the major components of the cell?
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Cytosol Organelles Nomembranous organelles Membranous organelles
Plasma membrane
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Material between cell membrane and nucleus membrane
Colloid
More proteins then extra cellular fluids
Cytosol
Intracellular fluid
It’s the fluid part of cytoplasm
Organelles
Intercellular structures with specific functions suspended in cytosol
Non membraneous organelles
Organelles without a complete membrane
What are the non membraneous organelles?
Cytoskeleton Microvilli Centrioles Cilia Flagella Ribosomes
What are membraneous organelles
Organelles isolated from cytosol by phospholipid membranes
What are the membraneous organelles?
Mitochondria Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes
What is the structure and function of peroxisome?
Structure: vestibules with degradative enzymes
Function: breakdown of organic compounds and neutralization of toxic compounds generated by breakdown
What is the structure and purpose of lysosomes?
Structure: vestibules containing digestive enzymes
Function: breakdown of organic compounds, damaged organelles, or pathogens.
What is the structure and purpose of microvilli?
Structure: membrane extensions containing microfilaments
Function:increase surface area to facilitate absorbtion of extra cellular materials
What is the structure and purpose of the Golgi Apparatus
Structure: flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers.
Function: stores, alters, and packages synthesized products.
What is the structure and function of the nucleus?
Structure: a fluid nucleoplasm containing enzymes, proteins, DNA, nucleotides all surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
Function: controls metabolism, stores and process genetic info, controls protein synthesis.
What is the structure of ribosomes?
RNA and proteins.
Fixed: bound to rough ER
Free: scattered in cytoplasm
What is the function of ribosomes?
Protein synthesis
What is the structure of Mitochondrion?
Double membrane, inner membrane has folds enclosing important metabolic enzymes
What is the function of Mitochondrion?
Produce 95% of ATP required by cell
What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?
Network of membrane sheets and channels throughout cyctoplasm.
What is the purpose of the ER?
Synthesis of secretory products, intracellular storage and transport, detoxification of drugs or toxins
Smooth: synthesize lipids and carbs
Rough: bound ribosomes attached. Modifies and packages newly synthesized protein
What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?
Proteins organized in microfilaments or microtubules.
What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
Strengths and supports cell and aids in movement of cellular structures.
What are the functions of the plasma membrane?
Separate inside of cell from from surrounding extra cellular fluid.
Control entry of ions and nutrients
Eliminate waste
Release secretions
What are glycocalyx?
Superficial membrane carbs
What are glycocalx important for?
Cell recognition
Binding extra cellular structures
Lubrication of cell structures
Integral proteins are?
Part of the membrane structure that can’t be removed without causing damage
Transmembrane proteins are
Proteins that span the width of the membrane
Peripheral proteins are?
Proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of membrane and are easily separated
What is the length of the plasma membrane?
6-10nm
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
The two layers that make up the cell membrane.
Phospholipid heads form outer layers and hydrophobic tails make up the center. This keeps the inside of cell separate from outside.
What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?
It’s amphipathic (hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail), which helps stiffen the cell membrane.
What are the 6 classes of membrane proteins?
Anchoring Recognition Receptors Carrier Enzymes Channels
Explain anchoring proteins
Attach cell membrane to other structures and stabilize position
What’s the purpose of recognition proteins?
Proteins detected by immune system cells
Purpose of enzymes in cell membrane
Integral or peripheral proteins
Purpose of carrier proteins in cell membrane.
Bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane
Purpose of receptor proteins in cell membrane.
Bind to specific extra cellular molecules, linganda
Purpose of channels in cell membrane.
Passage of water and small solutes into the cell
What functions as cells skeleton?
The cytoskeleton
What are microfilaments typically made of?
The protein actin (6nm)
Terminal web
Layer of microfilaments just inside the plasma membrane.
Intermediate filaments
7-11 nm
Strongest cytoskeleton elements
Microtubules
Largest component of cytoskeleton (25nm)
Built from tubulin
Extends from centersome
Centrioles
Short microtubules
9 groups with 3 each
Movement of DNA strands
Cilia
Long skin extensions of cell membrane
9 pairs of microtubules
Flagella
Same as cilia
Speed tail
Only found in males
