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A&P > Chapter 3- Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3- Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 3 parts to cell theory

A

Cells are building blocks of all plants and ani miles

New cells come from the division (reproduction) or existing cells

Cells are the smallest living unites that carry out vital functions

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2
Q

What is a zygote and why is important?

A

A zygote is a fertilized ovum that has the genetic potential to become any cell in the body.

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3
Q

Describe cellular differentiation

A

The cytoplasm in the ovum has regional differences.

As cells inside ovum multiply, the cytoplasmic differences affect the dna of new cells.

Daughter cells develop specialized structural and functional characteristics

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4
Q

What produces the specialized cells that form tissues of the body?

A

Cellular differentiation

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5
Q

What is extra cellular fluid?

A

Watery medium surrounding cell

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6
Q

What is interstitial fluid

A

The extra cellular fluid in most tissues

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7
Q

What are the major components of the cell?

A 
Plasma membrane 
Cytoplasm 
Cytosol 
Organelles
Nomembranous organelles 
Membranous organelles
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8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Cell membrane

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9
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Material between cell membrane and nucleus membrane

Colloid

More proteins then extra cellular fluids

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10
Q

Cytosol

A

Intracellular fluid

It’s the fluid part of cytoplasm

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11
Q

Organelles

A

Intercellular structures with specific functions suspended in cytosol

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12
Q

Non membraneous organelles

A

Organelles without a complete membrane

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13
Q

What are the non membraneous organelles?

A 
Cytoskeleton 
Microvilli 
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella 
Ribosomes
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14
Q

What are membraneous organelles

A

Organelles isolated from cytosol by phospholipid membranes

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15
Q

What are the membraneous organelles?

A 
Mitochondria 
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Golgi apparatus 
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
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16
Q

What is the structure and function of peroxisome?

A

Structure: vestibules with degradative enzymes

Function: breakdown of organic compounds and neutralization of toxic compounds generated by breakdown

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17
Q

What is the structure and purpose of lysosomes?

A

Structure: vestibules containing digestive enzymes

Function: breakdown of organic compounds, damaged organelles, or pathogens.

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18
Q

What is the structure and purpose of microvilli?

A

Structure: membrane extensions containing microfilaments

Function:increase surface area to facilitate absorbtion of extra cellular materials

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19
Q

What is the structure and purpose of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Structure: flattened membranes (cisternae) containing chambers.

Function: stores, alters, and packages synthesized products.

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20
Q

What is the structure and function of the nucleus?

A

Structure: a fluid nucleoplasm containing enzymes, proteins, DNA, nucleotides all surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)

Function: controls metabolism, stores and process genetic info, controls protein synthesis.

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21
Q

What is the structure of ribosomes?

A

RNA and proteins.
Fixed: bound to rough ER
Free: scattered in cytoplasm

22
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Protein synthesis

23
Q

What is the structure of Mitochondrion?

A

Double membrane, inner membrane has folds enclosing important metabolic enzymes

24
Q

What is the function of Mitochondrion?

A

Produce 95% of ATP required by cell

25
Q

What is the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

Network of membrane sheets and channels throughout cyctoplasm.

26
Q

What is the purpose of the ER?

A

Synthesis of secretory products, intracellular storage and transport, detoxification of drugs or toxins

Smooth: synthesize lipids and carbs

Rough: bound ribosomes attached. Modifies and packages newly synthesized protein

27
Q

What is the structure of the cytoskeleton?

A

Proteins organized in microfilaments or microtubules.

28
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Strengths and supports cell and aids in movement of cellular structures.

29
Q

What are the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

Separate inside of cell from from surrounding extra cellular fluid.

Control entry of ions and nutrients

Eliminate waste

Release secretions

30
Q

What are glycocalyx?

A

Superficial membrane carbs

31
Q

What are glycocalx important for?

A

Cell recognition

Binding extra cellular structures

Lubrication of cell structures

32
Q

Integral proteins are?

A

Part of the membrane structure that can’t be removed without causing damage

33
Q

Transmembrane proteins are

A

Proteins that span the width of the membrane

34
Q

Peripheral proteins are?

A

Proteins bound to the inner or outer surface of membrane and are easily separated

35
Q

What is the length of the plasma membrane?

A

6-10nm

36
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

The two layers that make up the cell membrane.

Phospholipid heads form outer layers and hydrophobic tails make up the center. This keeps the inside of cell separate from outside.

37
Q

What is the purpose of cholesterol in the cell membrane?

A

It’s amphipathic (hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail), which helps stiffen the cell membrane.

38
Q

What are the 6 classes of membrane proteins?

A 
Anchoring 
Recognition
Receptors
Carrier
Enzymes
Channels
39
Q

Explain anchoring proteins

A

Attach cell membrane to other structures and stabilize position

40
Q

What’s the purpose of recognition proteins?

A

Proteins detected by immune system cells

41
Q

Purpose of enzymes in cell membrane

A

Integral or peripheral proteins

42
Q

Purpose of carrier proteins in cell membrane.

A

Bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane

43
Q

Purpose of receptor proteins in cell membrane.

A

Bind to specific extra cellular molecules, linganda

44
Q

Purpose of channels in cell membrane.

A

Passage of water and small solutes into the cell

45
Q

What functions as cells skeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton

46
Q

What are microfilaments typically made of?

A

The protein actin (6nm)

47
Q

Terminal web

A

Layer of microfilaments just inside the plasma membrane.

48
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

7-11 nm

Strongest cytoskeleton elements

49
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest component of cytoskeleton (25nm)

Built from tubulin

Extends from centersome

50
Q

Centrioles

A

Short microtubules
9 groups with 3 each

Movement of DNA strands

51
Q

Cilia

A

Long skin extensions of cell membrane

9 pairs of microtubules

52
Q

Flagella

A

Same as cilia
Speed tail
Only found in males

A&P (4 decks)

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