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A&P > Chapter 16-Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16-Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanisms for Intercellular Communication

A 
Direct communication 
Paracrine Communication 
Autocrine communication 
Endocrine communication 
Sympathetic communication
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2
Q

Explain direct communication

A

Transmitted through gap junctions
Chemical signals are ions, lipid-soluble
Distributed to adjacent cells via connexons

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3
Q

Explain paracrine communication

A

Transmitted via extra cellular fluid
Chemical signal are paracrines
Limited to local area and cells with proper receptors

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4
Q

Explain autocrine communication

A

Transmitted via extra cellular fluid
Chemical signals are autocrines
Distributed to the cell that actually secretes the chemical signal

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5
Q

Explain endocrine communication

A

Transmitted via bloodstream
Chemical signal : hormones
Distributed to target cells with proper receptors

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6
Q

Explain sympathetic communication

A

Transmitted via neurotransmitters across synapses

Distributed to very specific area with proper receptors.

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7
Q

How are the endocrine and nervous systems similar?

A

Both release chemicals to bind to receptors on target cells.

They share common chemical messengers (like E and NE)

Both mainly use negative feedback

Both want to preserve homeostasis by regulating activities of other cells organs tissues and systems

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8
Q

What are the three chemical structures of hormones?

A

Acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Lipid derivatives

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9
Q

What group of hormones are considered acid derivatives? Give an example of each.

A 
Thyroid hormones (T4)
Catecholamines (E)
Tryptophan derivatives (Melatonin)
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10
Q

Explain peptide hormones

A

Synthesized as prohormones

Short polypeptide chains of amino acids (like ADH) to small peptones like insulin.

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11
Q

What is a pro hormone

A

Inactive precursor molecules that are converted to active hormones

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12
Q

What organs or glands secrete polypeptide hormones?

A 
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Heart
Digestive Tract
Pancreas 
Pituitary Glans
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13
Q

Glycoproteins are considered peptide hormones. Describe them and give examples.

A

They are polypeptides with carb side chains that function as hormones.

Examples: TSH, LH, FSH

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14
Q

Explain lipid derivatives

A

Carbon rings and side chains built either from eicosanoids (fatty acids) or cholesterol (sterilize hormones

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15
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Paracrines that coordinate cellular activities and affect Enzymatic processes

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16
Q

Leukotriens

A

An eicosanoid that has a secondary role as a hormone

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17
Q

Prostaglandins

A

A second group of eicosanoids involved in coordinating local cellular activities. (Proglandin E)

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18
Q

What organs release Steroid Hormones?

A

Reproductive organs
Cortex of adrenal glands
Kidneys

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19
Q

What steroid hormone do reproductive organs release?

A

Androgens (male)

Estrogen and progesterone (female)

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20
Q

What steroid hormone does the cortex of the adrenal gland release?

A

Corticosteroids

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21
Q

What steroid does the kidneys release?

A

Calcitriol

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22
Q

Why do steroids remain in circulation longer than secreted peptide hormones?

A

Because steroids are bound to specific transport proteins in blood.

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23
Q

What is the endocrine system

A

Organs whose primary function is the production of hormones or paracrines

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24
Q

What are the primary organs in the endocrine system?

A 
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid 
Adrenal gland
Pancreas 
Pineal gland
25
Q

Purpose of hypothalamus

A

“Control center”
Fluid Balance
Muscle contraction
Controls hormone secretion of anterior lobe pituitary gland

26
Q

What hormones are produced in hypothalamus?

A

Antidiuretic (ADH)
Oxytocin (OXT)
Regularities Hormones

27
Q

What pituitary lobe does ADH and OXT travel to from hypothalamus?

A

Posterior lobe

28
Q

What pituitary lobe does regulatory hormones From hypothalamus travel?

A

Anterior lobe

29
Q

What are fenestrated capillaries?

A

Vessles that allow relatively large molecules to enter or leave the blood stream.

30
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Portal system from hypothalamus to pituitary gland.

31
Q

How do regulating hormones get from hypothalamus to pituitary gland arteriorlobe.

A

Via hypophyseal portals

32
Q

What are two classes of regulatory hormones?

A 
Releasing Hormones(RH)
Inhibiting hormones (IH)
33
Q

What are releasing hormones

A

Hormones that stimulate synthesis and secretion or one or more hormones in the anterior lobe

34
Q

What are inhibiting hormones?

A

Prevents synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe.

35
Q

Purpose and functions of the pituitary gland

A

Direct chemicals from hypothalamus to other glands thereby regulating exocrine activities of glands.

36
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

The anterior and posterior lobe

37
Q

How many tropic hormones does the anterior lobe produce

38
Q

How many hormones does the anterior lobe produce

39
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

Hormones that “turn on” endocrine glands or support the function of other organs

40
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland ?

A

Hypophysis

41
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

Within the shell turcica (a small depression in the sphenoid bone)

42
Q

What is another name for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Adenohypophysis

43
Q

What kind of cells do the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland contain?

A

Endocrine cells

44
Q

What’s another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Neurophypophysis

45
Q

What kind of cells does the posterior of the pituitary contain?

A

Axons of hypothalamic neurons

46
Q

What hormones are produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A 
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
PRL (prolactin) 
FHS (follicle stimulating hormone)
LH (Luteinizing hormone)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
GH (growth hormone)
MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)
47
Q

What hormones are in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

48
Q

What does TSH (thyroid Stimulating hormone) target?

A

Thyroid gland to trigger release of thyroid hormones.

49
Q

How is TSH released?

A

It is released in response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) coming from hypothalamus.

50
Q

What cells does ACTH target?

A

The cells in the cortex or the adrenal glands

51
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

Simulate release of steroid hormones by adrenal cortex

52
Q

How is ACTH released?

A

From corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus

53
Q

What are gonadotropins?

A

Hormones that regulate the activity of gonads.

54
Q

What are the two gonadotropins?

A

FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)

LH (luteinizing hormone)

55
Q

What is the purpose of FHS

A

Promotes ovary follicle development
Works with LH stimulate secretion of estrogen.
Promotes maturation of sperm.

56
Q

What is the purpose of LH (luteinizing hormone)?

A

Induces ovulation
Promotes secretion of estrogens and pro estrogens
Promotes secretion of androgens (like testosterone)

57
Q

What is the purpose of PRL (prolactin)?

A

Stimulate mammary gland development

Stimulates milk production

58
Q

What is the purpose of MHS (melanocyte stimulating hormone?

A

Produce melanin

A&P (4 decks)

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