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A&P > Chapter 1 - Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

“Cutting open”, the study of internal and external structures

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2
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

“Macroscopic” large structures visible with the unaided eye

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3
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

Structures that can’t be seen without magnification

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4
Q

Physiology

A

The study of function

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5
Q

Organism

A

Highest level of organization. The human.

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6
Q

Organ system

A

The interrelation between organs

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7
Q

Organ

A

Group of two or more tissues working to perform a function.

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8
Q

Tissue

A

Similar cells and products working to perform a specific function.

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9
Q

Cells

A

Smallest living unit in the body

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10
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest stable units of matter

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11
Q

Molecules

A

Groups of atoms with complex shapes

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12
Q

Chemical level

A

Consists of atoms and molecules

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13
Q

Cellular level

A

Consists of cells

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14
Q

Types of cells

A 
Smooth muscle 
Blood
Bone 
Fat
Nerve
Reproductive 
Digestive
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15
Q

Smooth muscle cells

A

Long and slender

Can contract

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16
Q

Blood cells

A

Red: flattened discs, transports O2 and CO2
White: spherical, fight disease

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17
Q

Bone cells

A

Found in bone recycle calcium and phosphate stored in bone

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18
Q

Fat cells

A

Round, stores energy

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19
Q

Cell theory

A

Cells are structural building blocks of all plants and animals

Cells come from reproduction of pre-existing cells

Smallest structural unit that can perform all vital functions

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20
Q

Digestive tract cells

A

Absorb nutrients

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21
Q

Reproductive cells

A

Oocyte

Sperm

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22
Q

Nerve cells

A

Neurons

Process information

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23
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissue

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24
Q

Primary Tissue types

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous

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25
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Most common.

Covers and protects surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Produces glandular secretions

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26
Q

Connective tissue

A

Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy

Matrix: fibers and ground substance (liquid)

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27
Q

Muscle Tissue

A 
Skeletal movement 
Soft tissue support 
Blood flow maintenance 
Stabilization of temperature 
Transport
  • skeletal muscle tissue
  • cardiac muscle tissue
  • smooth muscle tissue
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28
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Carry info from one place to another

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29
Q

Cells in nervous tissue

A

Neurons (nerve cells)

Neurogloa (supporting cells)

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30
Q

Neurons

A

Transmit info via electrical impulses

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31
Q

Neuralgia

A

Isolate/protect neurons and forms supporting framework

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32
Q

Central nervous system

A

The brain and spinal chord

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33
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Nerves connecting CNS with other organs and tissues

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34
Q

11 organ systems

A 
Cardiovascular 
Endocrine 
Skeletal 
Nervous 
Muscular
Integumentary 
Lymphatic 
Respiratory
Digestive 
Urinary 
Reproductive
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35
Q

Integumentary system

A

Protects from environmental hazards

Helps control body temp

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36
Q

Organs in integumentary system

A 
Cutaneous Membrane (skin)
Hair follicles 
Swear glands
Nails 
Sensory receptors 
Hypodermic (attaches skin to deeper structures)
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37
Q

Skeletal system

A

Support
Protect tissue
Store minerals
Form blood

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38
Q

Structure of Skeletal system

A

Bones, cartilage, and joints

Bone marrow

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39
Q

Muscular System

A

Support
Provides movement
Generate heat

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40
Q

Structures in muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles, axial and appendicular

Tendons and aponeuroses

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41
Q

Nervous system

A

Directs immediate response to stimuli, coordinate other system activities

CNS
PNS

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42
Q

Endocrine System

A

Direct long term changes of other organ systems via hormones

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43
Q

Organs of the endocrine system

A 
Pineal gland 
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Kidneys 
Pancreas 
Gonads
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44
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

Transports cells and dissolved materials

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45
Q

Organs and structures in cardiovascular system

A

Heart
Blood
Blood Vessles

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46
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Defends against infection and disease returns tissue fluid to the blood stream

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47
Q

Organs and structures in lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus

48
Q

Respiratory system

A

Delivers air
Gas xchange
Produces sound

49
Q

Organs and structures in respiratory system

A 
Nasal cavities 
Sinuses 
Pharynx
Larynx 
Trachea 
Bronchi 
Lungs
50
Q

Digestive system

A

Process food

Absorb nutrients

51
Q

Organs/Structures in Digestive System

A 
Mouth
Salivary glands
Pharynx 
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine 
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas 
Large intestine
52
Q

Urinary system

A

Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes

53
Q

Organs/structures in Urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

54
Q

Reproductive system

A

Produces sex cells and hormones

Development of embryo

55
Q

Organs/structures in reproductive system

A 
Ovaries
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina 
Genitalia 
Mammary Glands 
Testes
56
Q

Homeostasis

A

Presence of a stable internal environment

57
Q

Homeostatic Regulation

A

Adjustment of physiological systems to persevere homeostasis

58
Q

What contributes to homeostatic regulation?

A 
A receptor (sensor)
A control center (integration  center) 
An effector (responds to commands from control center)
59
Q

What is the method of homeostatic regulation?

A

Negative feedback. Effector response opposes original stimuli

60
Q

Positive feedback

A

Initial stimulus produces a response that generates or enhances the change in original conditions (such as blood clotting)

61
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

62
Q

Nasal

A

Nose

63
Q

Ocular / orbital

A

Eye

64
Q

Otic

A

Ear

65
Q

Buccal

A

Cheek

66
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

67
Q

Thoracic

A

Thorax/chest

68
Q

Mammary

A

Breast

69
Q

Abdominal

A

Abdominal

70
Q

Umbilical

A

Naval

71
Q

Pelvic

A

Pelvis

72
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

73
Q

Cranial

A

Skull

74
Q

Facial

A

Face

75
Q

Oral

A

Mouth

76
Q

Mental

A

Chin

77
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

78
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

79
Q

Antecubital

A

Front of elbow

80
Q

Antebrachial

A

Forearm

81
Q

Carpal

A

Wrist

82
Q

Palmer

A

Palm

83
Q

Pollex

A

Thumb

84
Q

Manual

A

Hand

85
Q

Digits

A

Phalanges / fingers

86
Q

Patellar

A

Kneecap

87
Q

Crustal

A

Leg

88
Q

Tarsal

A

Ankle

89
Q

Haullux

A

Big toe

90
Q

Pedal

A

Foot

91
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

92
Q

Pubic

A

Pubis

93
Q

Inguinal

A

Groin

94
Q

Acromial

A

Shoulder

95
Q

Spinal

A

Vertebral

96
Q

Dorsal

A

Back

97
Q

Olecranal

A

Back of elbow

98
Q

Lumbar

A

Loin

99
Q

Gluteal

A

Butt

100
Q

Popliteal

A

Back of knee

101
Q

Sural

A

Calf

102
Q

Calcaneal

A

Heal of foot

103
Q

Plantar

A

Some of foot

104
Q

Abdominalpelvic Quadrants

A

Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower

105
Q

Abdominopelvic regions

A

Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric

Right/left hypochondriac
Right/left lumbar
Right/left inguinal

106
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Everything deep in the chest
Heart/lungs
Pericardial cavity
pleural cavity

107
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

Fluid filled space between outter/inner layer of serum pericardium

108
Q

Pericardium

A

Surrounds the heart and consists of fibrous pericardium and inner pericardium

109
Q

Serous Membrane

A

Covers viscera (internal organs partially or completely enclosed by body cavities

110
Q

Abdominopelvic cavity

A

Encloses peritoneal cavity

Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm

111
Q

Peritoneum

A

A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity

112
Q

What organs can be found between the peritoneal lining and muscular wall of abdominal cavity?

A

Kidneys

Pancreas

113
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Digestive glands and organs

114
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Urinary bladder, reproductive organs , last portion of digestive tract. Many of these lie posterior or inferior to peritoneal cavity.

115
Q

What is the heart embedded in?

A

The mediastinum : connective tissue that separates two pleural cavities

116
Q

Functional requirements for life

A 
Movement
Responsiveness
Respiration/metabolism
Reproduction
Reproduction 
Excretion

A&P (4 decks)

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