Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards
Anatomy
“Cutting open”, the study of internal and external structures
Gross Anatomy
“Macroscopic” large structures visible with the unaided eye
Microscopic Anatomy
Structures that can’t be seen without magnification
Physiology
The study of function
Organism
Highest level of organization. The human.
Organ system
The interrelation between organs
Organ
Group of two or more tissues working to perform a function.
Tissue
Similar cells and products working to perform a specific function.
Cells
Smallest living unit in the body
Atoms
Smallest stable units of matter
Molecules
Groups of atoms with complex shapes
Chemical level
Consists of atoms and molecules
Cellular level
Consists of cells
Types of cells
Smooth muscle Blood Bone Fat Nerve Reproductive Digestive
Smooth muscle cells
Long and slender
Can contract
Blood cells
Red: flattened discs, transports O2 and CO2
White: spherical, fight disease
Bone cells
Found in bone recycle calcium and phosphate stored in bone
Fat cells
Round, stores energy
Cell theory
Cells are structural building blocks of all plants and animals
Cells come from reproduction of pre-existing cells
Smallest structural unit that can perform all vital functions
Digestive tract cells
Absorb nutrients
Reproductive cells
Oocyte
Sperm
Nerve cells
Neurons
Process information
Histology
Study of tissue
Primary Tissue types
Epithelial
Connective
Muscle
Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
Most common.
Covers and protects surfaces
Lines internal passageways
Produces glandular secretions
Connective tissue
Fills internal spaces
Provides structural support
Stores energy
Matrix: fibers and ground substance (liquid)
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal movement Soft tissue support Blood flow maintenance Stabilization of temperature Transport
- skeletal muscle tissue
- cardiac muscle tissue
- smooth muscle tissue
Nervous Tissue
Carry info from one place to another
Cells in nervous tissue
Neurons (nerve cells)
Neurogloa (supporting cells)
Neurons
Transmit info via electrical impulses
Neuralgia
Isolate/protect neurons and forms supporting framework
Central nervous system
The brain and spinal chord
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves connecting CNS with other organs and tissues
11 organ systems
Cardiovascular Endocrine Skeletal Nervous Muscular Integumentary Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Integumentary system
Protects from environmental hazards
Helps control body temp
Organs in integumentary system
Cutaneous Membrane (skin) Hair follicles Swear glands Nails Sensory receptors Hypodermic (attaches skin to deeper structures)
Skeletal system
Support
Protect tissue
Store minerals
Form blood
Structure of Skeletal system
Bones, cartilage, and joints
Bone marrow
Muscular System
Support
Provides movement
Generate heat
Structures in muscular system
Skeletal muscles, axial and appendicular
Tendons and aponeuroses
Nervous system
Directs immediate response to stimuli, coordinate other system activities
CNS
PNS
Endocrine System
Direct long term changes of other organ systems via hormones
Organs of the endocrine system
Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Parathyroid gland Thymus Adrenal glands Kidneys Pancreas Gonads
Cardiovascular system
Transports cells and dissolved materials
Organs and structures in cardiovascular system
Heart
Blood
Blood Vessles
Lymphatic System
Defends against infection and disease returns tissue fluid to the blood stream
Organs and structures in lymphatic system
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Thymus
Respiratory system
Delivers air
Gas xchange
Produces sound
Organs and structures in respiratory system
Nasal cavities Sinuses Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
Digestive system
Process food
Absorb nutrients
Organs/Structures in Digestive System
Mouth Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Liver Gall bladder Pancreas Large intestine
Urinary system
Eliminates excess water, salts, and wastes
Organs/structures in Urinary system
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Reproductive system
Produces sex cells and hormones
Development of embryo
Organs/structures in reproductive system
Ovaries Uterine Tubes Uterus Vagina Genitalia Mammary Glands Testes
Homeostasis
Presence of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Regulation
Adjustment of physiological systems to persevere homeostasis
What contributes to homeostatic regulation?
A receptor (sensor) A control center (integration center) An effector (responds to commands from control center)
What is the method of homeostatic regulation?
Negative feedback. Effector response opposes original stimuli
Positive feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that generates or enhances the change in original conditions (such as blood clotting)
Frontal
Forehead
Nasal
Nose
Ocular / orbital
Eye
Otic
Ear
Buccal
Cheek
Cervical
Neck
Thoracic
Thorax/chest
Mammary
Breast
Abdominal
Abdominal
Umbilical
Naval
Pelvic
Pelvis
Cephalic
Head
Cranial
Skull
Facial
Face
Oral
Mouth
Mental
Chin
Axillary
Armpit
Brachial
Arm
Antecubital
Front of elbow
Antebrachial
Forearm
Carpal
Wrist
Palmer
Palm
Pollex
Thumb
Manual
Hand
Digits
Phalanges / fingers
Patellar
Kneecap
Crustal
Leg
Tarsal
Ankle
Haullux
Big toe
Pedal
Foot
Femoral
Thigh
Pubic
Pubis
Inguinal
Groin
Acromial
Shoulder
Spinal
Vertebral
Dorsal
Back
Olecranal
Back of elbow
Lumbar
Loin
Gluteal
Butt
Popliteal
Back of knee
Sural
Calf
Calcaneal
Heal of foot
Plantar
Some of foot
Abdominalpelvic Quadrants
Right upper
Right lower
Left upper
Left lower
Abdominopelvic regions
Epigastric
Umbilical
Hypogastric
Right/left hypochondriac
Right/left lumbar
Right/left inguinal
Thoracic Cavity
Everything deep in the chest
Heart/lungs
Pericardial cavity
pleural cavity
Pericardial Cavity
Fluid filled space between outter/inner layer of serum pericardium
Pericardium
Surrounds the heart and consists of fibrous pericardium and inner pericardium
Serous Membrane
Covers viscera (internal organs partially or completely enclosed by body cavities
Abdominopelvic cavity
Encloses peritoneal cavity
Separated from thoracic cavity by diaphragm
Peritoneum
A serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity
What organs can be found between the peritoneal lining and muscular wall of abdominal cavity?
Kidneys
Pancreas
What does the abdominal cavity contain?
Digestive glands and organs
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Urinary bladder, reproductive organs , last portion of digestive tract. Many of these lie posterior or inferior to peritoneal cavity.
What is the heart embedded in?
The mediastinum : connective tissue that separates two pleural cavities
Functional requirements for life
Movement Responsiveness Respiration/metabolism Reproduction Reproduction Excretion
