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AP Biology > Chapter 3: Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Separates internal metabolic events from the external environment and controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell.

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1
Q

Cell

A

The basic functional unit of all living things.

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2
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Made of organelles suspended in the cytosol

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3
Q

Cytosol

A

A fluid matrix which consists of water and dissolved substances such as proteins and nutrients

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4
Q

Double phospholipid membrane

A

Has polar hydrophilic heads forming the two outer faces and non-polar hydrophobic tails pointing inside the membrane.

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5
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

The mosaic nature of scattered proteins within a flexible matrix of phospholipid molecules.

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6
Q

How does the fatty acid makeup influence the fluidity of the membrane?

A

Saturated fatty acids- pack tightly- more rigid membrane

Unsaturated fatty acids- Bend at their double bonds, not at tightly packed- more flexible

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7
Q

What can and can’t get through a selectively permeable membrane?

A

Can: Small, uncharged, polar molecules (H20). Hydrophobic molecules (O2, CO2, and lipid-soluble molecules like hydrocarbons)
Can’t: Large Polar Molecules (Glucose), All Ions

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8
Q

Channel Proteins

A

Intrinsic Proteins, provide open passageways for certain hydrophilic (water-soluble) substances such as polar and charged molecules.

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9
Q

Ion Channels

A

Allow the passage of ions across the membrane

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10
Q

Gated Channels

A

Open and close in response to stimuli to allow passage of certain ions.

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11
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

Bind to specific molecules which are then transferred across the membrane after the carrier protein undergoes a change of shape.

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12
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Uses energy (in ATP form) to transport materials. Often called Active transport. Sodium-Potassium pump uses ATP.

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13
Q

Recognition Proteins

A

Give each cell type a unique identification. Helps distinguish between self and foreign cells.

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14
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Made up of proteins with short, polysaccharide chains that extend away from the surface. Same as recognition proteins

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15
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Provide binding sites for hormones or other trigger molecules.
In response to hormone or trigger molecule, a specific cell response is activated.

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16
Q

Adhesion Proteins

A

Attach cells, provide anchors for internal filaments, give stability to cell.

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17
Q

Cholesterol

A

Molecules that provide some stability to the plasma membranes of animal cells.
High Temps: Maintains Firmness
Low Temps: Makes Flexible

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18
Q

Organelles

A

Bodies within the cytoplasm that physically seperate the various metabolic reactions.

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19
Q

Contents of the Nucleus

A

DNA

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20
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Binds the Nucleus, made up of two phospholipid bilayers

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21
Q

chromatin

A

DNA which it is spread out within the nucleus as a thread-like matrix

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22
Q

Chromosomes

A

The DNA when it is condensed into rod-shaped bodies

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23
Q

Makeup of Chromosomes

A

Before division is made up of two long DNA molecules and various histone (protein) molecules.

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24
Q

Nucleoli

A

Concentrations of DNA in the process of manufacturing the components of ribosomes.

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25
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Passageways for proteins and RNA molecules

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26
Q

Ribosome Subunits

A

Manufactured in the nucleus and consist of RNA molecules and proteins

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27
Q

Ribosomes

A

Assembled in the cytoplasm. Made up of two subunits, 60S and 40S to form an 80S ribosome. Assit in gthe assembly of amino acids into proteins

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28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Consists of stacks of flattened sacs that begin as an extension of the outer bilayer of the nuclear envelope.

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29
Q

Rough ER

A

Ribosomes are present on the rough ER. The rough ER creates glycoproteins by attaching polysaccharide groups to polypeptides as they are assembled by the ribosomes.

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30
Q

Smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones.

Ex. Liver, removes toxins

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31
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A group of flattened sacs (cisternae) arranged like a stack of bowls.
Collects and modifies proteins and lipids made in other areas of the cell and package them into vesicles for transport.

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32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Vesicles from a Golgi Apparatus that contain hydrolytic enzymes. They break down food, cellular debris, and foreign invaders.
A low pH favors the activity of enzymes.

33
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Break down various substances, including hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, fatty acids, and amino acids. Common in liver and kidney cells.
In Plants, they modify by-products of photorespiration

34
Q

Mitochondria

A

Carry out aerobic respiration, a process in which energy (In the form of ATP, is obtained from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

35
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Carry out photosynthesis. Double Membrane

36
Q

Microtubules

A

Made of the protein tubulin and provide support and motility for cellular activities.
Are found in the spindle apparatus, and in flagella and cilia

37
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Provide support for maintaining the shape of the cell

38
Q

Microfilaments (Actin filaments)

A

Made of the protein actin and are involved in cell motility. Found in muscle cells and cells that change shape

39
Q

Flagella

A

Long, few, and move in a snake-like motion

40
Q

Cilia

A

Short, many, and move with a back-and-forth, serpentine movement.

41
Q

How are cilia and flagella arranged?

A

Both consist of microtubules arranged in a “9+2” array–nine pairs (doublets) of microtubules arranged in a circle surrounding a pair of microtubules.

42
Q

Centrioles and Basal Bodies

A

Act as microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs)

43
Q

Vacuoles and Vesicles

A

Fluid filled, membrane-bound bodies

44
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

Move materials between organelles or between organelles and the plasma membrane.

45
Q

Food Vacuoles

A

Temporary receptacles of nutrients. Often merge with lysosomes, whose digestive enzymes break down the food.

46
Q

Contractile Vacuoes

A

Specialized organelles in single-celled organisms that collect and pump excess water out of the cell.

47
Q

Central Vacuoles

A

Large bodies occupying most of the interior of many plant cells.

48
Q

Extracellular Region

A

The area outside the plasma membrane

49
Q

Cell Walls

A

Found in plants, fungi, and many protists.
Provide support
Often made of cellulose, a polysaccharide made of B-Glucose

50
Q

Extracellular Matrix

A

The area between adjacent cells.

Found in animals.

51
Q

Cell Junctions

A

Serve to anchor cells to each other and provide a passageway for cellular exchange.

52
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Protein attachments between adjacent animal cells.

53
Q

Desmosome

A

An anchoring junction that consists of proteins that bind adjacent cells together, providing mechanical stability to tissues

54
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Tightly stitched seams between animal cells.

The junction completely encircles each cell, producing a seal that prevents the passage of materials between the cells.

55
Q

Communicating Junctions

A

Passageways between cells that allow the transfer of chemical or electrical signals

56
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Type of communicating junction.
Narrow tunnels between animal cells.
Prevent cytoplasmic proteins and nucleic acids from mixing, but allow the passage of ions and small molecules.

57
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Narrow Channels between PLANT cells.

A narrow tube of ER, surrounded by cytoplasm, passes through the channel.

58
Q

Differences between plant and animal cells

A

Plant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuoles
Animal cells have centrioles and cheolesterol

59
Q

Bacteria and archaea are…

A

prokaryotes

60
Q

Selectively Permeable Membrane

A

Allows only specific substances to pass.

61
Q

Hypertonic

A

A higher concentrations of solutes

62
Q

Hypotonic

A

A lower concentration of solutes

63
Q

Solvent

A

Water

64
Q

Solute

A

The substance dissolved in water

65
Q

Isotonic

A

An equal concentration of solutes

66
Q

Bulk Flow

A

The collective movement of substances (solvent and solutes) in the same direction in a response to a force or pressure.

67
Q

Passive transport

A

Processes describe the movement of substances from regions of higher concentrations to regions of lower concentrations.
Does not require energy

68
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

The net movement of substances from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

69
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane.

70
Q

Turgor Pressure

A

The hydrostatic pressure that develops when water enters the cells of plants and microorganisms.

71
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The movement of water out of a cell (by osmosis) that results in the collapse of the cell.

72
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The diffusion of solutes or water through channel proteins or carrier proteins in the plasma membrane.

73
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

Describes the diffusion of substances between two regions in which substances are moving by bulk flow in opposite directions.

74
Q

Active Transport

A

The movement of solutes against a gradient and requires the expenditure of energy

75
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Uses vesicles or other bodies in the cytoplasm to move macromolecules or large particles across the plasma membrane.

76
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell.

77
Q

Endocytosis

A

Describes the capture of a substance outside the cell.

78
Q

Phagocytosis

A

“Cellular Eating”

Occurs when undissolved material enters the cell.

79
Q

Pinocytosis

A

“Cellular Drinking”

Occurs when dissolved substances enter the cell.

80
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

A form of pinocytosis, occurs when specific molecules in the fluid surrounding the cell bind to specialized receptors

AP Biology (7 decks)

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