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AP Biology > Chapter 2: Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Chemistry Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Molecules

A

Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

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1
Q

Atom

A

Consists of a nucleus of positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons

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2
Q

Ionic Bonds

A

Bonds that form between two atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to the other.

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3
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Form when electrons between atoms are shared

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4
Q

Nonpolar Covalent bonds

A

Form when electrons are shared equally.

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5
Q

Polar Covalent Bonds

A

electrons are shared unequally

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6
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak bonds between molecules

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7
Q

What are some special properties of water?

A
  1. Excellent Solvent
  2. High specific heat capacity
  3. Less dense in the solid form
  4. Strong cohesion and high surface tension
  5. Water has strong adhesion
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8
Q

Heat of Fusion

A

The energy required to change water from a solid to a liquid

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9
Q

Heat of Vaporization

A

The energy required to change water from a liquid to a gas

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10
Q

Cohesion

A

The attraction between like substances

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11
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction of unlike substances

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12
Q

Organic Molecules contain…

A

carbon atoms

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13
Q

Polymer

A

Molecules that consist of a single unit (monomer) repeated several times.

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14
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest kind of carbohydrate

Consists of a single sugar molecule like glucose or fructose

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15
Q

Condensation/Dehydration Reaction

A

When a small molecule(often water) is lost

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16
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When one molecule is split to form two molecules by the addition of water

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17
Q

Starch

A

A polymer of a-glucose molecules. It is the principal energy storage molecule in plant cells.

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18
Q

Glycogen

A

A polymer of a-glucose molecules. Differs from starch by its pattern of polymer branching. It is a major energy storage molecule in animal cells

19
Q

Cellulose

A

Polymer of B-Glucose molecules. It serves as a structural molecule in the walls of plant cells and is the major component of wood.

20
Q

Chitin

A

A polymer similar to cellulose, but each B-glucose molecule has a nitrogen-containing group attached to the ring. Chitin serves as a structural molecule in the walls of fungus cells and in the exoskeletons of insects, other arthropods, and mollusks.

21
Q

What are the three formations of sugar?

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

22
Q

Lipid

A

Substance that is nearly insoluble in water, but highly soluble in Nonpolar substances

23
Q

What are the three types of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipid
Steroid

24
Q

Triglyceride

A

Made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule

25
Q

Saturated Fatty Acid

A

Has a single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms

26
Q

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Has one double covalent bond, and each of the two carbons in this bond has only one hydrogen atom bonded to it.

27
Q

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

A

Like a monounsaturated fatty acid except that there are two or more double covalent bonds.

28
Q

Phospholipid

A

Has two fatty acid chains and one phosphate group attached to a glycerol molecule.

29
Q

Steroids

A

Characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings.

30
Q

Proteins can be classified in what 5 catagories?

A 
Structural
Storage
Transport
Defensive
Enzymes
31
Q

DNA Makeup

A

a nitrogen base, a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group

32
Q

Catalyst

A

Any substance that accelerates a reaction but does not undergo a chemical change itself

33
Q

Catabolism

A

Breakdown of substances

34
Q

Synthesis or Anabolism

A

The formation of new products

35
Q

Enzyme

A

Globular proteins that act as catalysts for metabolic reactions

36
Q

Substrate

A

The substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts.

37
Q

What are some facts about enzymes?

A

Enzymes are substrate specific
Enzymes are unchanged as a result of a reaction
An enzyme catalyzes a reaction in both forward and reverse directions
The efficiency of an enzyme is affected by temperature and pH
The induced-fit model describes how enzymes work

38
Q

Cofactors

A

Nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes

39
Q

Coenzymes

A

Organic cofactors that donate or accept some component of a reaction, often electrons

40
Q

Inorganic cofactors

A

Often metal ions

41
Q

Allosteric Activator

A

Binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme’s active form

42
Q

Allosteric Inhibitor

A

Binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme’s inactive form

43
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

an end product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor, shutting down one of the enzymes catalyzing the reaction series

44
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

A substance that mimics the substrate inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site. The mimic displaces the substrate and prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the substrate

45
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibition

A

A substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location other than the active site

46
Q

Cooperativity

A

An enzyme becomes more receptive to additional substrate molecules after one substrate molecule attaches to an active site.

AP Biology (7 decks)

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