Chapter 3 – Cell Structure And Function

Question 1

What is a cell?

Answer 1

Basic unit of life.

Question 2

Compound light microscope

Answer 2

Lower magnification, Uses light beams to view images, can view live specimens.

Question 3

Transmission electron microscope

Answer 3

2-D image, uses electrons to view internal structure, high magnification, no live specimens.

Question 4

Scanning electron microscope

Answer 4

3-D image, uses electrons to view surface structures, high magnification, no live specimens.

Question 5

Prokaryotic cells

Answer 5

Type of cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

Question 6

Eukaryotic cells

Answer 6

Type of cell that has a membrane-bound nucleus and membraneous organelles.

Question 7

Plasma membrane

Answer 7

An outer membrane that regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Question 8

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 8

Selectively permeable, meaning it allows certain molecules - but not others - to enter the cell.

Question 9

Cytoplasm

Answer 9

Contents of the cell between the nucleus and the plasma membrane that contains organelles

Question 10

Organelles

Answer 10

Small membraneous structure in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells with a specific structure and function

Question 11

Diffusion

Answer 11

The random movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

The net movement of water across a semi permeable membrane.

Question 13

Osmotic pressure

Answer 13

Controls the water movement in our bodies.

Question 14

Isotonic Solutions

Answer 14

Have equal amounts of solute inside and outside the cell and thus do not affect the cell.

Question 15

Hypotonic solutions

Answer 15

Have less solute then the inside of the cell and lead to lysis (bursting)

Question 16

Hypertonic solutions

Answer 16

Have more solute then the inside of the cell and lead to crenation (shriveling)

Question 17

What is facilitated transport?

Answer 17

A molecule is transported across the plasma membrane from the side of higher concentration to the side of lower concentration.

Question 18

Active transport

Answer 18

The movement of molecules from a lower to higher concentration using ATP as energy; it requires an energy carrier.

Question 19

Endocytosis

Answer 19

Transports molecules or cells into the cell via invagination of the plasma membrane to form a vesicle.

Question 20

Exocytosis

Answer 20

Transports molecules outside the cell via the fusion of a vesicle with the plasma membrane.

Question 21

Chromatin

Answer 21

Is the combination of DNA molecules and proteins that make up the chromosomes.

Question 22

Nucleolus

Answer 22

Where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced

Question 23

Nuclear envelope

Answer 23

The nucleus is separated from the cytoplasm by a double membrane known as the nuclear envelope.

Question 24

Ribosomes

Answer 24

Organelles composed of proteins and rRNA

Question 25

What is the Endomembrane system?

Answer 25

It is a series of membranesin which molecules are transported in the cell. It consists of the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and vesicles.

Question 26

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 26

Studded with ribosomes used to make proteins

Question 27

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 27

Lacks ribosomes but aids and making carbohydrates and lipids

Question 28

Golgi apparatus

Answer 28

Flattened stacks that process, package, and deliver proteins and lipids from the ER.

Question 29

Lysosomes

Answer 29

Membraneous vesicles made by the Golgi that contain digestive enzymes.

Question 30

Vesicles

Answer 30

Small membraneous sacs used for transport.

Question 31

What is the cytoskeleton?

Answer 31

A series of proteins that maintain cell shape, as well as anchors and or moves organelles in the cell.

Question 32

Microtubules

Answer 32

Small cylindrical structure that contains 13 rows of protein tubulin. Component of the cytoskeleton; present in the cytoplasm, centrioles, cilia and flagella.

Question 33

Actin filaments

Answer 33

Are long extremely thin fibers that usually occur in bundles or other groupings. Involved in movement.

Question 34

Intermediate filaments

Answer 34

Are intermediate in size between microtubules and actin filaments

Question 35

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 35

Is a meshwork of proteins and polysaccharides in close association with the cells that produce them.

Question 36

Adhesion junctions

Answer 36

Mechanically attach adjacent cells; common in skin cells.

Question 37

Tight junctions

Answer 37

Connections between the plasma membrane proteins of neighboring cells that produce a zipper like barrier; common and digestive system and kidney.

Question 38

Gap junctions

Answer 38

Communication portals between cells; they channel proteins of the plasma membrane fuse, allowing easy movement between adjacent cells.

Question 39

Metabolism

Answer 39

Includes all chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

Question 40

Enzymes

Answer 40

Enzymes speed up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Most enzymes are proteins and enzymes are often named for the molecules that they work on called, substrates.

Question 41

Active sites

Answer 41

Where a substrate binds

Question 42

Energy of activation

Answer 42

The energy that must be added to cause modules to react with one another

Question 43

Mitochondria

Answer 43

produce energy in the form of ATP

Question 44

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 44

The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water.

Question 45

Glycolysis

Answer 45

Means “sugar splitting”, breaks glucose into two pyruvate. Does not require oxygen.

Question 46

Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

Answer 46

A cyclical pathway that occurs in the mitochondria; releases carbon dioxide.

Question 47

Electron transport chain

Answer 47

Series of molecules embedded in the Mito membrane. Is Aerobic

Question 48

Fermentation

Answer 48

Is an anaerobic process, meaning that it does not require oxygen.