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Human Biology > Chapter 2 – Chemistry Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 – Chemistry Of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Matter

A

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

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2
Q

Elements

A

Elements are the basic building blocks of matter that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

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3
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest particle of an element that displays the properties of the element

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4
Q

Protons

A

Subatomic particles that are positively charged.

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5
Q

Neutrons

A

Subatomic particles that are uncharged.

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6
Q

Electrons

A

Subatomic particles that are negatively charged. Orbit around the nucleus.

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7
Q

Electron shell

A

The circle around the nucleus of an atom represents an electron shell.

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8
Q

Cell nucleus

A

Contains linear DNA molecules in the form of chromosome structure.

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9
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons within the nucleus

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10
Q

Mass number

A

The number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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11
Q

Atomic mass

A

Mass of an atom equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons with in the nucleus

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12
Q

Isotopes

A

Are atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic mass because the number of neutrons differ.

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13
Q

Radioisotope

A

Unstable form of an atom that spontaneously emits radiation in the form of radioactive particles or radiate energy.

Ex. Useful in dating old objects, imaging body organs and tissues through x-rays, and killing the cancer cells.

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14
Q

Molecules

A

Made up of atoms that are bonded together.

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15
Q

Compound

A

When the atoms are different, a compound is formed.

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16
Q

What are the two types of bonds that join atoms?

A

Ionic bonds and covalent bonds.

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17
Q

Ionic bonds

A

Chemical bond in which ions are attracted to one another by opposite charges.

  • atoms in this type of bond donate or take on electrons.
  • result in a stable outer shell.
  • occur between particles that are charged (ions)
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18
Q

Ions

A

Ions are particles that carry either a positive or a negative charge.

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19
Q

Valance shell

A

Outermost energy shell of an atom

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20
Q

Covalent bonds

A

Chemical bond in which atoms share one pair of electrons

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21
Q

Water

A

Water is a polar molecule and a solvent.

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22
Q

Polar

A

combination of atoms in which the electrical charge is not distributed symmetrically.

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23
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Hydrogen bonds occur between a hydrogen in a covalent bond and a negatively charged atom.

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24
Q

Acids

A

Acids are substances that disassociate in water and release hydrogen ions (H +)

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25
Q

Bases

A

Bases are substances that take up hydrogen ions (H+) or release hydroxide ions (OH-)

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26
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and or forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

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27
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar.

28
Q

Adhesion

A

Adhesion refers to the ability of water molecules to cling to other polar surfaces.

Example raindrops on the windshield.

29
Q

What is the pH scale?

A

The pH scale is used to indicate the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a solution.

Ranges from 0–14

A pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic

30
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

The removal of water that allows subunits to link together into larger molecules

31
Q

Hydrolysis reaction

A

The addition of water at that breaks larger molecules into their subunits.

32
Q

What four organic molecules are found in living organisms?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid’s.

33
Q

Macromolecule

A

A molecule that contains many subunits.

34
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Function for quick and short term energy storage in all organisms including humans.

Class of organic compounds that includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

35
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar. Made of one carbon ring.

Example. Glucose

36
Q

Glucose

A

The hexose our bodies use as an immediate source of energy.

37
Q

Disaccharide

A

Is made by joining only two monosaccharides together by a dehydration reaction. 2 carbon rings as found in maltose.

38
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A complex carbohydrate. Examples are starch, glycogen and cellulose. Made of many carbon rings.

39
Q

Glycogen

A

The storage form in animals .

40
Q

Starch

A

The storage form in plants.

41
Q

Cellulose

A

Commonly called fiber is found in plant cell walls.

42
Q

What are lipids?

A

Molecules that do not dissolve in water. Includes fats and oils.

43
Q

what are examples of lipids?

A

Fats and oils, phospholipids, and steroids.

44
Q

Fats

A

Function for long-term energy storage, insulation from heat loss, and cushion for organs.

45
Q

Emulsification

A

The digestion of fatty foods.

46
Q

Fatty acid

A

A carbon – hydrogen chain that ends with an acidic group.

47
Q

Saturated fatty acid’s

A

Have no double bonds between the carbon atoms. The chain is saturated with all the hydrogens it can hold.

48
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid’s

A

Have double bonds in the carbon chain wherever the number of hydrogens is less than two per carbon.

49
Q

Oils

A

Usually plant origin. Liquid at room temperature.

50
Q

Phospholipids

A

Are the primary components of cellular membranes.

51
Q

What is a steroid?

A

A steroid is a lipid in the structure is for fuse carbon rings. Examples; cholesterol and sex hormones.

52
Q

What are proteins?

A

Proteins are made up of subunits called amino acids. Important for diverse functions in the body including hormones, enzymes, anti-bodies and transport. Can denature.

53
Q

Enzymes

A

Speed up chemical reactions in cells.

54
Q

Denaturation or denature

A

When proteins are exposed to extremes in heat and pH they undergo an in-reversible change in shape.

55
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent bond between two amino acids.

56
Q

Polypeptide

A

When three or more amino acids are linked by peptide bonds.

57
Q

What are the four levels of protein organization?

A

Primary, secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

58
Q

Primary

A

The linear order of amino acids

59
Q

Secondary

A

Alpha helix or a pleated sheet

60
Q

Tertiary

A

Final shape of polypeptide

61
Q

Quaternary

A

Two or more associated polypeptides

62
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Made of nucleotides subunits

Function in the cell to make proteins and include RNA and DNA.

63
Q

What are the five bases found in nucleotides?

A

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil

64
Q

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

A

Nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose. Occurs in three major forms messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA.

65
Q

ATP

A

A high energy molecule, because the last two phosphate bonds are unstable and easily broken.

Human Biology (4 decks)

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