Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

State the 3 statements in cell theory:

Answer 1

Basic unit of life.
All living thins are made up of cells.
All cells arise from preexisting cells.

Question 2

How does cell size relate to the health of the cell and its function.

Answer 2

The surface area to volume ratio. The smaller the cell, the healthier it is. Smaller cells have a larger amount of surface area compared to volume. Increase in surface area allows for more nutrients to pass into cell.

Question 3

What is the microscopic unit of measurement?

Answer 3

Micrometers. (um)

Question 4

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 4

describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.

Question 5

What does the theory of endosymbiosis state?

Answer 5

Prokaryotic cells were the first cells and eukaryotic cells arose from them.

Question 6

Define passive transport and describe each type of passive transport.

Answer 6

Passive transport is transport that requires no energy.
Diffusion: movement of particles from high area of concentration to low until they are equally distributed.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water molecules, also from high to low.
Facilitated Diffusion: Transport of molecules from high to low via protein characters.

Question 7

Active Transport:

Answer 7

Goes against concentration gradient and requires a protein carrier and cellular energy.
Sodium Potassium pump is an example of active transport.

Question 8

Define lysis.

Answer 8

to split, break apart, or release.

Question 9

Define hemolysis

Answer 9

breakdown or destruction of red blood cells.

Question 10

Define crenation

Answer 10

shriveling of a cell.

Question 11

Osmotic pressure controls:

Answer 11

water movement in our bodies.

Question 12

Name the three types of tonicity and the result it has on each cell.

Answer 12

Hypotonic: less solutes in a solution. the cell will swell and eventually burst. Lower than 0.9 percent NaCl.
Hypertonic: more solutes in a solution. the cell will crenate (shrivel) Higher than 0.9 percent NaCl.
Isotonic: Equal amount of solutes in the solution. the cell will have no change. 0.9 percent Nacl.

Question 13

Define each type of bulk transport.

Answer 13

Phagocytosis: transports pathogens by white blood cells.
Pinocytosis: transport of fluid with small particles.
Receptor mediated endocytosis: particles bonded to a receptor that initiates endocytosis.

Question 14

Define chromatin

Answer 14

in the nucleus, it is thread like. Function is to package DNA into more condense structures.

Question 15

Chromosomes

Answer 15

long DNA molecule with genetic material of an organism.

Question 16

Nucleolus

Answer 16

dark region within the nucleus. site of ribosome synthesis.

Question 17

Nuclear pores

Answer 17

holes in nucleus that allow substances to pass through.

Question 18

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 18

where proteins and lipids are modified. It processes, packs and secretes.

Question 19

Lysosomes are produced by:

Answer 19

the Golgi apparatus. They contain hydroLYCTIC enzymes. (breakdown)

Question 20

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

Answer 20

caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances build up to toxic levels in the brain and spinal cord and affect the function of the nerve cells.

Question 21

Define vesicle

Answer 21

consists of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Helps transport materials.

Question 22

The cytoskeleton is made up of:

Answer 22

crossed protein fibers.

Question 23

Microtubules:

Answer 23

are the largest
help maintain cell shape
form spindle apparatus during cell division.

Question 24

Describe the centrisome

Answer 24

to organize the microtubules and provide a structure to the cell. process during cell division.

Question 25

Cilia

Answer 25

is short
made of microtubules
used in movement
moves mucus toward throat

Question 26

Flagella

Answer 26

is long
made of microtubules
used in movement
on sperm and propels them forward

Question 27

Extracellular matrix:

Answer 27

protective mesh of proteins and polysaccharides that surrounds the cell.
Collects collagen and elastin.

Question 28

Substrate

Answer 28

the base on which the organism lives. For example, fungi on rocks.

Question 29

What is the active site and where is it found?

Answer 29

area of enzymes where the substrate binds. They are found on the substrate.

Question 30

Mitochondria

Answer 30

Powerhouse of cell.

Location of cellular respiration.

Question 31

Two kinds of cellular respiration:

Answer 31

Aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic/fermentation (without oxygen). Composed of 3 sequential pathways.

Question 32

Pathway of aerobic cellular respiration in humans:

Answer 32

Glucose-glycolysis-prep reaction-citric acid cycle- electron transport change-32 to 34 ATP made.

Question 33

Electron carriers:

Answer 33

NADH and FADH2

Question 34

The most ATP is produced during:

Answer 34

The Electron Transport Chain.

Question 35

The final electron acceptor is:

Answer 35

oxygen.