Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Flashcards
State the 3 statements in cell theory:
Basic unit of life.
All living thins are made up of cells.
All cells arise from preexisting cells.
How does cell size relate to the health of the cell and its function.
The surface area to volume ratio. The smaller the cell, the healthier it is. Smaller cells have a larger amount of surface area compared to volume. Increase in surface area allows for more nutrients to pass into cell.
What is the microscopic unit of measurement?
Micrometers. (um)
What is the fluid mosaic model?
describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
What does the theory of endosymbiosis state?
Prokaryotic cells were the first cells and eukaryotic cells arose from them.
Define passive transport and describe each type of passive transport.
Passive transport is transport that requires no energy.
Diffusion: movement of particles from high area of concentration to low until they are equally distributed.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water molecules, also from high to low.
Facilitated Diffusion: Transport of molecules from high to low via protein characters.
Active Transport:
Goes against concentration gradient and requires a protein carrier and cellular energy.
Sodium Potassium pump is an example of active transport.
Define lysis.
to split, break apart, or release.
Define hemolysis
breakdown or destruction of red blood cells.
Define crenation
shriveling of a cell.
Osmotic pressure controls:
water movement in our bodies.
Name the three types of tonicity and the result it has on each cell.
Hypotonic: less solutes in a solution. the cell will swell and eventually burst. Lower than 0.9 percent NaCl.
Hypertonic: more solutes in a solution. the cell will crenate (shrivel) Higher than 0.9 percent NaCl.
Isotonic: Equal amount of solutes in the solution. the cell will have no change. 0.9 percent Nacl.
Define each type of bulk transport.
Phagocytosis: transports pathogens by white blood cells.
Pinocytosis: transport of fluid with small particles.
Receptor mediated endocytosis: particles bonded to a receptor that initiates endocytosis.
Define chromatin
in the nucleus, it is thread like. Function is to package DNA into more condense structures.
Chromosomes
long DNA molecule with genetic material of an organism.
Nucleolus
dark region within the nucleus. site of ribosome synthesis.
Nuclear pores
holes in nucleus that allow substances to pass through.
Golgi apparatus function
where proteins and lipids are modified. It processes, packs and secretes.
Lysosomes are produced by:
the Golgi apparatus. They contain hydroLYCTIC enzymes. (breakdown)
What is Tay-Sachs disease?
caused by the absence of an enzyme that helps break down fatty substances. These fatty substances build up to toxic levels in the brain and spinal cord and affect the function of the nerve cells.
Define vesicle
consists of fluid enclosed by a lipid bilayer. Helps transport materials.
The cytoskeleton is made up of:
crossed protein fibers.
Microtubules:
are the largest
help maintain cell shape
form spindle apparatus during cell division.
Describe the centrisome
to organize the microtubules and provide a structure to the cell. process during cell division.
Cilia
is short
made of microtubules
used in movement
moves mucus toward throat
Flagella
is long
made of microtubules
used in movement
on sperm and propels them forward
Extracellular matrix:
protective mesh of proteins and polysaccharides that surrounds the cell.
Collects collagen and elastin.
Substrate
the base on which the organism lives. For example, fungi on rocks.
What is the active site and where is it found?
area of enzymes where the substrate binds. They are found on the substrate.
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of cell.
Location of cellular respiration.
Two kinds of cellular respiration:
Aerobic (with oxygen) and anaerobic/fermentation (without oxygen). Composed of 3 sequential pathways.
Pathway of aerobic cellular respiration in humans:
Glucose-glycolysis-prep reaction-citric acid cycle- electron transport change-32 to 34 ATP made.
Electron carriers:
NADH and FADH2
The most ATP is produced during:
The Electron Transport Chain.
The final electron acceptor is:
oxygen.
