Chapter 2 Continued: Organic Chem

Question 1

Name the four classes of organic molecules found in cells

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 2

Describe the processes by which organic molecules are assembled and disassembled:

Answer 2

Hydrolyis reaction is when the organic molecules are disassembled. It is the addition of water to break the macromolecules into their subunits. LARGE TO SMALL.
Dehydration reaction is when the organic molecules are assembled. It is the removal of water and links subunits together into macromolecules. SMALL TO LARGE.

Question 3

Carbohydrates are _____. Subunits/monomers are _____

Answer 3

Carbs are polysaccharides.

Monomers are monosaccharides and disaccharides.

Question 4

Two monomers are joined by a:

Answer 4

glycosidic bond.

Question 5

Glucose is a ____. Maltose is a ______

Answer 5

Glucose is a monosaccharide.

Maltose is a disaccharide.

Question 6

Define starch

Answer 6

energy storage in plants

Question 7

Define cellulose.

Answer 7

structure in plant cell walls

Question 8

Define glycogen

Answer 8

Energy storage in animals, made up of polymers of glucose.

Question 9

What are some functions of lipids?

Answer 9

Energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.

Question 10

Define hydrophobic and do lipids resolve in water?

Answer 10

“water fearing.” repeals against water, molecules that are hydrophobic cannot dissolve in water. Lipids are hydrophobic.

Question 11

Define emulsification.

Answer 11

allows enzymes to full break down triglycerides.

Question 12

What are the parts of a triglyceride?

Answer 12

made of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids.

Question 13

What are saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids?

Answer 13

Saturated: have NO double covalent bonds, they are SATURATED with HYDROGEN.
Unsaturated: have ONE or MORE double covalent bond because HYDROGENS are MISSING.
Trans fatty acids: contains a trans double bond between carbon atoms.

Question 14

What is a phospholipid? Where are they found in the cell?

Answer 14

have one glycerol and 2 fatty acids. have a polar hydrophilic head and 2 hydrophobic tails. found in the plasma membrane.

Question 15

What class of organic molecules does a steroid belong to? How would you describe its unique structure?

Answer 15

The steroid belongs to lipids. Steroids have 4 rings together.

Question 16

Name some functions of proteins.

Answer 16

Support-keratin and collagen.
Enzymes- speeds chemicals reactions
Transport- channel proteins allow substances to leave and enter the cell.
Defense
Hormones- chemical messengers
Motion- allows parts of cells to move and muscles to contract.

Question 17

Proteins are also known as:

Answer 17

Polypeptides

Question 18

What is the repeating monomer unit of protein?

Answer 18

Amino Acids.

Question 19

Describe the structure of an amino acid.

Answer 19

has an amino group, carboy group, and an R group (rest of molecule)

Question 20

Four levels of protein structure and describe each one:

Answer 20

Primary: order of amino acids
Secondary: helicopters shaped or beta pleated shape
Tertiary: 3-D Shape
Quaternary: combination of one or more polypeptide. 2 or more 3-D proteins.

Question 21

What is the monomer unit of nucleic acids?

Answer 21

Nucleotides.

Question 22

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 22

Phosphate
5 Carbon Sugar
Nitrogen base

Question 23

Comparison of DNA and RNA

Answer 23

DNA: RNA:
2 strands 1 strand
5 carbon sugar has phosphate
has a phosphate AUCG
ATCG resides in nucleus, in cytoplasm
resides in nucleus

Question 24

What is the energy currency of cells?

Answer 24

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 25

ATP and ADP process:

Answer 25

ATP gets hydrolyzed into ADP when the phosphate bond is broken. ADP will undergo dehydration synthesis to form ATP. This is a continuous cycle.