Chapter 3 Cell

Question 1

the basic functional unit of life

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Two general classes of cell

Answer 2

-Sex Cells (Gametes)
-Somatic Cells

Question 3

-Reproductive cells with half the number of
chromosomes
* Male sperm
* Female oocyte (a cell that develops into an egg)

Answer 3

Sex Cells (gametes)

Question 4

a cell that develops into an egg

Answer 4

Female oocyte

Question 5

Body cells with a full set of chromosomes
* Soma = body; All body cells except sex cells

Answer 5

Somatic Cells

Question 6

Functions of the Plasma Membrane

Answer 6

-Barrier providing physical isolation
-Regulation of Exchange with the Environment
-Sensitivity to the Environment
-Structural Support

Question 7

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 7

Plasma Membrane

Question 8

is primarily made of lipids

Answer 8

Membrane

Question 9

Membrane Proteins:

Answer 9

• Anchoring Proteins-Stabilizers
• Recognition Proteins-Identifiers
• Enzymes- Catalyze reactions in cytosol or extracellular fluid

*Receptor Proteins- Bind and respond to ligands (ions, hormones)

*Carrier Proteins- Transport specific solutes through membrane
- May require ATP

*Channels- Allow water and specific solutes through membrane

Question 10

All materials inside the cell and
outside the nucleus

Answer 10

Cytoplasm

Question 11

• (intracellular fluid)
  -Contains dissolved nutrients, ions, proteins, waste
  products
  -Compared to Extracellular fluid, has:
• High potassium/low sodium
• High protein
• Contains carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid
  reserves

Answer 11

Cytosol (intracellular fluid)

Question 12

intracelullar Structures with specific functions or tiny organs

Answer 12

Organelles

Question 13

2 kinds The Organelles

Answer 13

*Nonmembranous organelles
* No outer membrane
* Six types include: cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia,
ribosomes, and proteasomes

• Membranous organelles
• Covered with plasma membrane (Isolated from cytosol)
• Include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus,
  lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

Question 14

• No outer membrane
• Six types include: cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia,
  ribosomes, and proteasomes

Answer 14

Nonmembranous organelles

Question 15

• Covered with plasma membrane (Isolated from cytosol)
• Include the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the Golgi apparatus,
  lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria

Answer 15

Membranous organelles

Question 16

Cells skeleton that gives shape, strength, attachment

Answer 16

Cytoskeleton

Question 17

cytoskeleton includes

Answer 17

-microfilaments
thin/smallest( actin) for movement
-intermediate filaments
thick/medium sized( keratin, collagen)
-microtubules
largest( kinesin & Dynein) hollow tubes of tubulin

Question 18

Myosin protein

Answer 18

Muscle Cells

Question 19

-thin filaments composed of the protein
actin
-Provide strength, attach plasma membrane to cytosol
- Determine consistency of cytoplasm
-Pair with thick filaments of myosin for movement

Answer 19

Microfilaments

Question 20

mid-sized between microfilaments and thick filaments;
* Durable and insoluble (Keratin, collagen)
Function:
* Strengthen cell and maintain shape
* Stabilize position of organelles
* Stabilize cell position in a tissue

Answer 20

Intermediate filaments

Question 21

Large, hollow tubes of tubulin; attach
to centrosome and extend outward
* Strengthen cell
* Anchor organelles and provide “railway” for organelles
and vesicles to move along

Answer 21

Microtubules

Question 22

are proteins that move organelles

Answer 22

Kinesin and Dynein

Question 23

Finger like projections of plasma membrane
* Increase surface area for absorption (GI Tract)

Answer 23

Microvilli

Question 24

• Cylinders of microtubules (9 microtubule triplets, no central)
• form spindle apparatus during cell division

Answer 24

Centrioles

Question 25

cytoplasm surrounding pair of centrioles, where
cytoskeleton begins

Answer 25

Centrosome

Question 26

Thin hair-like extensions (9 microtubule pairs, 1 central pair)
-move fluids across the cell surface

Answer 26

Cilia

Question 27

Consist of 2 subunits that function to produce
polypeptides (proteins)
-Small ribosomal subunit and Large ribosomal
subunit
-Both must join along a strand of mRNA for protein
synthesis to occur

Answer 27

Ribosomes

Question 28

2 Two types of Ribosomes

Answer 28

1. Free ribosomes in cytoplasm
   * Manufacture proteins for cell
2. Fixed ribosomes attached to ER
   * Manufacture proteins for secretion

Question 29

Contain enzymes
(proteases)
*Disassemble damaged
proteins for recycling

Answer 29

Proteasomes

Question 30

No ribosomes attached
* Synthesizes lipids
* Cholesterol for use in membranes
* Steroid hormones in the reproductive system and
endocrine system
* Detoxifies alcohol, drugs
* Calcium Storage

Answer 30

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Question 31

Surface covered with ribosomes
* Active in protein modification and folding polypeptides
into complex structures
* Glycoprotein synthesis
* Phospholipid synthesis for membranes
* Encloses products in transport vesicles

Answer 31

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Question 32

Flattened disc-like cisternae
* Functions
* Synthesize carbohyrates
* Finishing touches on proteins and glycoproteins
* Packages compounds in vesicles
* Become lysosomes
* Fuse with plasma membrane to re-plenish
phospholipids
* Release contents through exocytosis

Answer 32

Golgi Apparatus

Question 33

-in cytoplasm
-Manufacture proteins for cell

Answer 33

Free ribosomes in cytoplasm

Question 34

• attached to ER
• Manufacture proteins for secretion

Answer 34

Fixed ribosomes