Chapter 1 Intro to A&P Flashcards
describes the STRUCTURES of the body
*shape, composition, location
ANATOMY
study of the FUNCTIONS of anatomical structures
PHYSIOLOGY
a body part’s___ determines its___
structure, function
enumerate the 6 Levels of Organization
- Chemical or Molecular Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level
- Organ System Level
- Organism Level
chemical or molecular level is made up of 2 things.. what are they?
Atoms, Molecules
are the smallest chemical units
Atoms
group of atoms working together
Molecules
group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together
Cells, in cellular level
group of similar cells working together
Tissue, in tissue level
group of 2 or more different tissues working together
Organ, in organ level
group of organs working together
Organ system
a human is an organism
organism level
Chemical and Molecular Level process
- atoms in combination
- complex protein molecule
- protein filaments
all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostasis
give example of homeostasis
body temperature, fluid balance
when the body is unable to return to its normal state, ___or ___ occurs
illness , disease
what are the 2 mechanisms of regulation( Homeostasis)
- Auto regulation (intrinsic) regulation
- Extrinsic regulation
is it the automatic response in a cell, tissue, organ to some environmental change
Auto regulation
response to a change in the environment is controlled by an external source
Extrinsic regulation
when oxygen levels decrease in an area, cells release vasodilators that dilate vessels and improve blood flow to the area
Auto regulation
when body temperature increases, the nervous system recognizes the change and sends instructions that bring the body back down to homeostatic temperature
Extrinsic Regulation
homeostatic regulatory mechanisms consists of 3 parts:
- receptor
- control center
- effector
*notices the stimulus
*sends info to the control center
receptor
processes the info and sends instructions to effector
control center
carries out instructions
effector
example of receptor
temperature sensors in the skin or hypothalamus
example of control center
Brain, or endocrine gland
examples of effector
sweat glands or blood vessels
2 feedback mechanisms that affect homeostasis
1.Negative feedback
2. Positive feedback
the response of the effector NEGATES the stimulus( change)
*body is brought back to homeostasis
Negative feedback
example of negative feedback
cooling the body when hot (vessels dilate)
warming when cold( vessels constrict)
the response of the effector INCREASES change of the stimulus
*body is moved away from homeostasis
*very rare
*used to speed up processes
positive feedback
example of positive feedback
contractions during childbirth, blood clotting
*when the body is in standard position
*hands at sides, palms forward, legs straight, feet together, toes facing forward
anatomical position
lying down (on their back) in anatomical position, face up
Supine
lying down (on their belly) in anatomical position, face down
Prone
are used to describe broad areas of interest or injury
anatomical regions
directional terms used to describe the subject’s position or the location of body parts relative to each other
anatomical directions
R and L always refer to the
patients R and L
what are the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
RUQ/LUQ
RLQ/LLQ
a three dimensional axis
Plane
what are the 3 plane dimensional axis
- Frontal or Coronal Plane
- Sagittal Plane
- Transverse Plane
a slice parallel to a plane
Section
they are used to visualize internal organization and structure
*MRI
*CT scan
Planes and Sections
separates anterior and posterior portions of the body
frontal or coronal plane
separates right and left portions equally
sagittal plane
separates superior and inferior portions of the body
transverse plane
the plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left sides
midsagittal plane
a cut parallel to midsagittal plane separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size
parasagittal plane
the body is separated into compartments that house specific organs
Body cavities
cavities of the body
- dorsal cavity ( cranial and vertebral )
- ventral cavity (both thoracic & abdominopelvic cavities)
- thoracic cavity (R&L pleural, mediastinum, pericardium)
- abdominopelvic cavity ( abdomen, pelvis)
surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm
thoracic cavity
surrounds right lung
surrounds left lung
right pleural cavity
left pleural cavity
contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels, heart, thymus
mediastinum
surrounds heart
pericardial cavity
extends throughout abdominal cavity and into superior portion of pelvic cavity
peritoneal cavity
contains many digestive glands and organs
abdominal cavity
contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
pelvic cavity
contains the brain
cranial cavity
main respiratory muscle that separates the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
kidneys and pancreas lie posterior to the parietal peritoneum (behind)
Retroperitoneal space
