Chapter 2 Chemistry Part 1 & 2 Flashcards
anything that takes up space, has mass, made up of atoms
Matter
what is the smallest subunit of matter
Atom
what are the subatomic particles of atoms
- Proton ( + charge)
- Neutron ( no charge, neutral)
- Electron ( - charge)
in the nucleus of atom ,positive charge, 1 mass unit
Proton (+positive)
in the nucleus, neutral, 1 mass unit
Neutron
moves around electron cloud, negative charge, low mass
Electron (-negative)
*most basic chemicals
*pure substances that contain only one type of atom
*determined by the atomic number of atoms
Elements
different versions of an element based on its mass number
Isotopes
mass number is equal to
MN=??
MN= number of Protons + number of Neutrons
MN=P+N
it determine the reactivity of an element in the electron cloud
Electrons
energy levels that each hold a max number of electrons
electron shells
outermost shell is, electrons in it determines bonding
Valence shell
sharing, gaining and losing of electrons in the valence shell
chemical bonds
major types of chemical bonds?
- ionic bonds
- covalent bonds
- hydrogen bonds
attraction between cations and anions or
bonds between two ions or charged atoms
ionic bonds
positively charged electron DONOR
-LOSES
caTion (Donor) +
LOSES
negatively charged electron ACCEPTOR
-GAINS
Anion (Acceptor) -GAINS
strong electron bonds involving SHARED/ SHARING pair of electrons between atoms
Covalent bonds
WEAK bonds based on the partial electrical attractions (slightly positive, slightly negative) between polar molecules
Hydrogen bonds
two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
Molecule
two or more atoms of different ELEMENTS joined by strong or weak bonds
Compounds ( madaming element) ex. H2O hydrogen and Oxygen
Sharing one pair of electrons
Single covalent bond
Sharing of two pairs of electrons
Double covalent bond
Sharing three pairs of electrons
Triple covalent bond
2 types of covalent(SHARING) bond
- Non polar Covalent bond
- Polar covalent bond
EQUAL SHARING of electrons
Non Polar Covalent bond
UNEQUAL SHARING of electrons
Polar Covalent bond
hydrogen bonds between H2O molecules causes??
Surface tension
new bonds are FORMED and or existing bonds are BROKEN
Chemical reaction
materials going INTO reaction
Reactants
materials going OUT of a reaction
Products
all of the reactions that are OCCURING AT ONE TIME includes Catabolism and Anabolism
Metabolism
reactions in which complex molecules are BROKEN down into SIMPLER UNITS
Catabolism or (Decomposition Reaction) BREAKS chemical bonds AB= A+B
reactions in which simple substances are COMBINED to make more COMPLEX molecules
Anabolism (Synthesis Reaction) FORMS chemical bonds A+B=AB
DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS
condensation reaction
Dehydration Reaction
involves decomposition first, then synthesis
Exchange Reaction
AB + CD= AD = CB
protein CATALYSTS that lower the activation of energy reactions
-USED TO SPEED UP PROCESS!!!!
Enzymes
the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
Activation Energy
give example enzymes of the body
CAT-PEPE
Carbonic Anhydrase
Amylase
Trypsin
Pepsin
Peptidase
the SUBSTANCE the enzyme acts on is the
Substrate
a uniform mixture of two or more substances
Solution
medium in which atoms, ions, or molecules are
dissolved/dispersed
Solvent
the dispersed substances
Solute
a heterogeneous mixture of two or more
substances in which particles settle if undisturbed
Suspension
amount of solute in a solvent
Concentration
Water’s ability to dissolve a solute in a solvent to
make a solution/suspension (Aqueous Solution)
Solubility
Most body chemistry occurs in water
Reactivity
Water’s ability to absorb and retain heat
High Heat Capacity
To moisten and reduce friction
Lubrication
polar water molecules form__ around ions and small polar molecules to keep them in solution
hydration spheres
are inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution( must disassociate in solution)
Electrolytes
*interacts with water
*includes ions and polar molecules
Hydrophilic
hydro= water philos=loving
*does not interact with water
*includes non polar molecules, fats, and oils
Hydrophobic
phobos= fear
the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, goes from 0-14
PH
*a balance of H+ and OH-
*pure water= 7.0
Neutral PH
*PH lower than 7.0
*high H+ concentration
*Low OH- concentration
Acidic PH
*PH higher than 7.0
*Low H+ concentration
*High OH- concetration
Basic or Alkaline PH
PH of human Blood
ranges from 7.35-7.45
has an inverse relationship with H+ concentration
PH scale
stabilize PH in the body
Buffers
Basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt
Antacids
Molecules not based on Carbon and hydrogen
ex. carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, bases, salts
Inorganic Compounds
Molecules based on Carbon and Hydrogen
ex. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Organic Compounds
-contain H.C and usually O
-covalenty bonded
-have carbon backbone
Organic Molecules
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1
-includes sugars and starches used as an ENERGY SOURCE
Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates
-Monosaccharide (simple sugar)
-Disaccharide (2 sugars)
-Polysaccharide (many sugars)
SIMPLE sugars with 3 to 7 carbon atoms
Monosaccharide
ex. glucose, fructose, galactose
TWO simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides
ex. sucrose, maltose
MANY monosaccharides condensed by dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
ex. starch, glycogen, cellulose
-Mainly hydrophobic molecules such as fats, oils, and
waxes
-Made mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms, 1:2 Ratio
-Structural components of cells, Energy reserves,
hormones
Lipids
ex.
* Fatty acids
* Glycerides
* Steroids
* Phospholipids
-Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl
group (COOH) at one end
- Are relatively nonpolar, except the carboxyl group
-Very limited solubility
Fatty Acids
Fatty acids may be?? 2 kinds
- (no double bonds): animal fats
-(one or more double bonds): plant fats
- Saturated with hydrogen (no double bonds): animal fats
- Unsaturated (one or more double bonds): plant fats
-Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
-Triglycerides have three fatty-acid tails
-Have three important functions
1. Energy source
2. Insulation
3. Protection
Glycerides
3 important functions of glycerides
- Energy source
- Insulation
- Protection
Four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an
assortment of functional groups
Steroids
Types of steroids:
* Cholesterol- Component of plasma (cell) membranes
* Estrogens and testosterone
-Sex hormones
* Corticosteroids and calcitriol -Hormones (Metabolic regulation and blood
composition)
-Diglycerides attached to a phosphate group and a
non-lipid group (phospholipid)
-Have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
-Are structural lipids, components of plasma (cell)
membranes
Phospholipids
