Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biochem > Chapter 3 and 24: Nucleic struc and org > Flashcards

Chapter 3 and 24: Nucleic struc and org Flashcards

1
Q

Base Tautomeric forms structures

A

GO OVER S. 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Nucleosides makeup (specific with what type of bond)

A

Nitrogenous base + Sugar

-D-ribose or deoxy-D-ribose sugar that is connected to a base by a beta-N-glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Nucleotides

A

Nucleoside + Phosphate

-nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an -OH of the monosaccharide, at the 3’ or 5’ OH
*5’ OH is the default

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3’-5’-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cAMP) derivation and how it is used?

A

-derived from ATP

-cAMP used in intracellular signal transduction as a secondary messenger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

DNA struc. and bases

A

-deoxyribose
-A,G,C,T

-ex: deoxy= deoxyadenosine–> dAMP–>dADP–>dATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

RNA struc and bases

A

-ribose
-A,G,C,U (sometimes T)

-ex: Adenine–>Adenosine–>AMP–>ADP–>ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Modular struc config struc

A

know slide 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Zidovudine

A

-used in medicine:
nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used to treat HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

minor bases (RNA vs. DNA and their role)

A

-RNA (tRNA) contains minor bases

-In DNA minor bases are methylated forms of the major bases

*have roles in regulation or in protecting genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inosine

A

-type of Xanthines that is a minor base
-found in tRNAs
-essential for wobble base pairs (anticodon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DNA and RNA simple def

A

-known as polynucleotides= nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages

-RNA= ribonucleic acids
-DNA=deoxyribonucleic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Primary structure seq of DNA

A

read from the 5’ to 3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is RNA susceptible to?

A

Base catalyzed hydrolysis bc it has a 2’ OH

-why DNA is more stable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Erwin Chargaff

A

found chargaff’s rule
-A=T
-G=C (stronger)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Watson and Crick

A

solved secondary structure of DNA by using Franklin’s data
-found the double helix

-Crick: crystallographer who knew it was a helix

-used chargaff rule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

-got the X-ray fiber diffraction data
*helped watson and crick with solving DNA struc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Central Dogma

A
  1. Replication using DNA polymerase
  2. Transcription (DNA->RNA) using RNA polymerase
  3. Translation (RNA->Protein) using ribosomes
  4. Protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DNA structure total (facts)

A

-right/left handed helix
-bases are perpendicular to helix
-bases: minor and major grooves
-phosphate backbones are on the outside
-anti-parallel chains

-bases pairs per helical turn: 10

-Pitch= 34A

-Helix rise per base pair = 3.4A

-Diameter: 20A

-glycosidic bond formation: anti

19
Q

Nucleotide sugar conformations in DNA/RNA

A

Syn-adenosine
anti-Adenosine
*sugar is anti to the base

20
Q

Differentiate between A-DNA, B-DNA, and Z-DNA

A

A-DNA
-right handed helix
-Major groove: narrow and deep
-Minor groove: wide and shallow

B-DNA
-right handed helix
-Major groove: wide and deep
-minor groove: narrow and deep

Z-DNA
-left handed helix
-Major groove: flat
-minor groove: narrow and deep

21
Q

RNA-RNA/RNA-DNA hybrids assume which sturcture

A

A DNA

22
Q

Z-DNA occurs in what and is favored when?

A

-occurs in alternating purine-pyrimadine tracts

-favored in high salt concentrations

23
Q

Telomeres

A

the ends of linear chromosomes

24
Q

Tetraplex or Quadruplex DNA have what kind of roles?

A

roles in transcription, telomere maintenance, DNA recombination etc….

25
Q

RNA structure

A

-mostly single-stranded
-has a wound back double helical regions that assume A type helix

Ex: stem loop, hairpin

26
Q

Secondary and Tertiary structure of tRNA

A

-2nd: cloverleaf
-3rd: L or banana

27
Q

Topoisomerases general

A

relax (or make) supercoils in DNA by causing a transient nick that is resealed

28
Q

Topoisomerases: Type I

A

relax (some make) supercoils by breaking only 1 strand
-ssDNA break

29
Q

Topoisomerases: Type II

A

relax or make supercoils by breaking both strands
-dsDNA break

30
Q

Topoisomerases inhibitor: Quinolones like Cipro

A

-binds two bacterial type 2 topoisomerase
-DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV needed for replication
-causes inhibition of DNA replication and cell death
*freezes enzyme in this step when it makes DS break- doesnt let enzyme reseal DNA

31
Q

Human: number of base pairs

A

3,200,000
3.2 billion

32
Q

size relation btwn DNA and bacteria

A

bacteria: 2 uM
DNA: 1,600 uM

33
Q

Prokaryotic DNA: packaging

A

-supercoiled circular DNA is bound to small, basic proteins to give bacterial chromosomes in the nucleoid

34
Q

Bacterial Plasminds

A

sep. small circular molecules that carry genes for their own replication and often code for beneficial enzyme degradation (resistance)

35
Q

Eukaryotic DNA packaging

A

-package DNA as chromatin fibers at normal stage of cell cycle but into chromosomes when cells are about to divide

36
Q

how long is human DNA?

A

1 m

37
Q

How is DNA coiled

A

coiled around a histone octamer which is also called a nucelosome

-H2A, H2B, H3, H4

38
Q

Nucelosomes in relation to DNA

A

-beads on a string under microscope
-has 1.8 turns of DNA (146 bp) wound around nucleosome

39
Q

Histones

A

-small proteins rich in the basic amino acids Lysine and Arginine
-positively charged

40
Q

Histone: H1

A

-Not part of nucleosome
-bound to the DNA in btwn the nucleosome

41
Q

Mitochondrial (mtDNA) and Chloroplast DNA (ctDNA)

A

-circular DNA
-devoid of histones
-replicate on their own

*used for forensic analysis

42
Q

DNA damage

A

-UV-irradiation
-Thymine dimers
-Alkylation
-HNO2

43
Q

Alkylation

A

causes DNA mismatch mutations that can lead to cancer

44
Q

HNO2

A

-from food cured with NaNO2
-causes DNA mismatch mutations that led to cancer

biochem (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions