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biochem > Chap 9 and 10: lipids and membranes pt. 2 > Flashcards

Chap 9 and 10: lipids and membranes pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Terpenoids also called?

A

Isoprenoids

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2
Q

what are Terpeniods

A

they are lipids that are built from isoprene units rather than fatty acid

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3
Q

What is Isoprene composed of?

A

a basic 5 carbon unit

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4
Q

What makes up a terpene?

A

2 Isoprene

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5
Q

What are more complex Terpenoids built from?

A

built up from multiple isoprene units

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6
Q

*know the structure of Isoprene

A

okayy

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7
Q

What produces Terpenes?

A

produced primarily by a wide variety of plants and also some insects

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8
Q

Archaeal Cell Membranes are built from what?

A

from glycerophospholipids with isoprenoid tail and ether linkages

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9
Q

What vitamins are Isoprenoids?

A

A, D, E, K

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10
Q

Vitamin def

A

compound that are essential to the health of humans and other vertebrates that cannot be synthesized so they must be obtained in the diet

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11
Q

Steroid (cholesterol) Biosynthesis

A

-Squalene cyclization = steroid nucleus/backbone
-Squalene=triterpene–> so steroids are terpenoids

-enzyme-catalyzed addition of oxygen atom to squalene to form an epoxide followed by Enzyme catalyzed cyclization = steroid nucleus

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12
Q

Steroids make-up

A

-characterized by Steroid nucleus:
-made up of 4-fused rings, -three 6-membered rings, and -one 5-membered rings fused together

-rings are planar (wedged-shaped)

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13
Q

Where are steroids present in?

A

-present in most Eukaryotic Cells

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14
Q

Cholesterol is most common where and a precursor for what? and properties

A

-most common steroid in animals
-precursor for all other steroids in animals

-mostly nonpolar, mostly water insoluble
***know structure

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15
Q

Steroids function

A

-salt balance and metabolic function, and sexual function in animals
-part of endocrine signaling

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16
Q

endocrine signaling def

A

messengers secreted by glands and carried though the bloodstream to distant targeting tissues

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17
Q

Steroid properties

A

-lipid soluble
-receptors are cytoplasmic (hydrophobic)
-bacteria can not synthesize steroids

-are cholesterol derivatives
***recog steroid backbone

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18
Q

What is Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)?

A

steroid hormone (terpenoid) that regulates Ca 2+ metabolism

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19
Q

What are Bile Acids (BAs)/ Bile salts?

(what kind of detergent?)
(how to recognize?)

A

-they are an oxidation derivatives of cholesterol
-they are amphiphilic detergents

**look for polar head and steroid backbone

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20
Q

***recog/draw cholesterol esters

A

OKAYY

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20
Q

What does fat absorption require?

A

requires Bile salts

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21
Q

What does bile salts due for fat absorption (2 things)

A

-they aid in digestion (dissolve fats in small intestine , with micelles, to allow absorption into the blood)
-play a role as cofactors and pigments

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21
Q

What are Cholesterol Esters? what are they involved in?

A

-they are made from fatty acid esterified to cholesterol alcohol (OH)

-they are involved in cholesterol transport in lipoproteins

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22
Q

What are Lipoproteins?

A

they are protein + lipid (TAG and cholesterol) that work as lipid transport in the circulation

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23
Q

Structure of lipoprotein

A

-Monolayer of glycerophospholipid (amphipathic)
-inside/core of the monolayer there are nonpolar lipids (TAG and cholesterol esters)
-some cholesterol are found in the monolayer
-proteins (apoproteins) are found outside of the monolayer

**looks like a micelle

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24
Q

function of lipoprotein

A

-Oil drop: coated with proteins and glycerophospholipid skin
-allos TAGs and cholesterol to be transported to organs to use as fuel or deposit to storage molecules (adipose tissues)

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25
Q

Largest lipoproteins have what?

A

the lowest density

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26
Q

Chylomicrons function (lipoproetein)

A

-transport dietary TAGs + cholesterol from the intestine to liver

-transport TAGs–>muscle + adipose

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27
Q

Atherosclerosis def, function, and associated with what?

A

-low density Lipoprotein (LDL) = bad cholesterol
-transports cholesterol from the liver
-associated with the deposition of cholesterol on the arterial walls

28
Q

High density Lipoproteins def and fucntion

A

-also known as HDL
-good cholesterol
-transports cholesterol to the liver
-associates with carrying cholesterol out of the blood

29
Q

IDL

A

Intermediate density Lipoprotein

30
Q

VLDL

A

Very low density lipoprotein

31
Q

what causes Heart attacks?

A

-rupture of arterial plaque
-results in blood clots that causes blockage of artery in heart
-no RBCs and so no O2 supply past clot
-heart muscle death
-can result in physical death

32
Q

Cholesterol Transport process diagram

A

VLDL–>IDL–>LDL; HDL

-Chylomicrons carry dietary lipids from the intestines and deliver TAGs to cells

-VLDLs carry lipids from the liver and deliver TAGs to cells

-IDLs are derived from VLDLs

-LDLs are derived from IDLs and are primary cholesterol delivery to cells

-HDLs carry cholesterol from cells for disposal back to liver

GO O OVER IN SLIDE 34

33
Q

Cholesterol Transport: Chylomicrons

A

carry dietary lipids from the intestines and deliver TAGs to cells

34
Q

Cholesterol Transport: VLDLs

A

carry lipids from the liver and deliver TAGs to cells

35
Q

Cholesterol Transport: LDLs

A

are derived from IDLs and are primary cholesterol delivery to cells

36
Q

Cholesterol Transport: HDLs

A

-HDLs carry cholesterol from cells for disposal back to liver

37
Q

Cholesterol Transport: IDLs

A

-IDLs are derived from VLDLs

38
Q

Phospholipases def

A

enzymes that hydrolyze the ester/phosphoester bonds of phospholipids

39
Q

Phospholipases are named by what? and what contains phospholipases?

A

-named by which ester bond hydrolyzed
-venoms of poisonous snakes contain phospholipases (A2)

40
Q

what does a lysophospholipid do?

A

acts as a detergent that dissolves RBC membranes causing them to rupture

41
Q

Phospholipase rxn

A

looks at diagram S(36) creates lysophospholipid

42
Q

What are Eicosanoids? (def)

A

derivatives of arachidonic acid released by enzymatic cleavage from membrane phospholipids

-2 or more step process

43
Q

Eicosanoids are what kind of hormone?

A

-they are paracrine hormones (short signaling): hormones that have an affect on cells near where they have been synthesized

-also called local signaling

44
Q

Eicosanoids hormone signaling/ PGH2 synthase

A
  1. Phospholipase A2 cuts at C2 carbon of a membrane phospholipid
  2. arachidonic acid gets released (C20)
  3. prostaglandin H2 synthase (PGH2 synthase, Cyclooxygenase, COX) + O2 reacts with arachidonic acid
  4. makes prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) a hormone
  5. this hormone can increase body temp., inflammation, pain, uterine smooth muscle contraction
45
Q

NSAID def and types

A

-Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
-Ibuprofen, Naproxen

46
Q

What kind of competitors are NSAIDs

A

Reversible Competitive inhibitors of PGH2 Synthase= cyclooxygenase=COX

*suicide inhibitor or RSA

47
Q

what do naproxen and Ibuprofen contain

A

contain benzene rings and carboxylic acids

48
Q

Biological membrane is composed of what?

A

-continuous phase (lipids)
-discontinuous phase (lipids)
- a mosaic
-proteins
-lipid link proteins

*chart on S40

49
Q

Biological membrane: continuous phase

A

fluid lipid bilayer matrix (2D sea)

50
Q

Biological membrane: discontinuous phase

A

proteins floating in the lipids like rafts/icebergs

51
Q

Biological membrane: mosaic

A

made up of different proteins that interact with the lipid bilayer by electrostatic interaction (extrinsic/ peripheral membrane proteins)

*bind via non-covalent interactions to membrane surfaces
*easy to solubilize and separate by pH, salt concentration, urea

52
Q

Biological membrane: proteins

A

partially/completely penetrate or span the lipid bilayer (intrinsic/integral membrane proteins)

*req detergents to remove

53
Q

Biological membrane: lipid linked proteins

A

can be released from membrane by phospholipase C
* can be in the cytosol and ECM side of the membrane

54
Q

Peripheral membrane proteins (PHP) def

A

bind via non-covalent interactions to membrane surface
-can be on cytosol and ECM side

-easy to solubilize by pH, salt conc, urea

55
Q

Integral membrane proteins (IMPs)

A

have hydrophobic region that associates with membrane; hard to remove and difficult to solubilize (spans the membrane or penetrates it)

*require detergents to remove

*contain alpha-helix and beta-barrel

56
Q

mild nonionic detergent fucntion

A

dissolves membranes without unfolding proteins

*some can only be used to remove only peripheral proteins
(amphipathic)

57
Q

Ionic detergent

A

dissolves membranes and unfolds/denatures proteins

*removes integral and peripheral proteins

58
Q

Sucrose specific porin def

A

Porins act as pores thorugh which less molecules can diffuse
-prevalent in mitochondria, in outer membrane, and Gram negative bacteria

59
Q

Lateral Diffusion

A

-can diffuse laterally (side ways)
-can rotate in the plane of the membrane
-CANNOT diffuse transversely through membrane

*very fast

60
Q

Fluid-Mosaic Model

A

-in a liquid-crystal (fluid) state

61
Q

Transverse diffusion

A

-proteins can flip to the opposite layer
-NO lateral diffusion
-can rotate
-proteins float around membrane like icebergs

*very slow

62
Q

what technique showed proof of lateral diffusion?

A

FRAP- Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching

63
Q

what does FRAP- Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching do?

A

laser bleaches and destroys fluorescence of a label in a region of membrane
-fluorescence recovers and diffuses into damaged region

64
Q

Flippases def

A

facilitate the lipids flipping from one layer to another and can help a lipid flip back to original
(help transverse diffusion)

65
Q

What kind of symmetry is a membrane bilayer?

A

It is Asymmetrical
-2 halves of the bilayer have different phospholipids and glycolipids

66
Q

where are carbohydrates located on the bilayer?

A

carbs whether attached to protein or lipids are located on the non cytosolic side of the bilayer

-contribute to Transverse Asymmetry

67
Q

Where are proteins located on the bilayer?

A

proteins are embedded in the membrane in a specific orientation crucial to their function

-contribute to Transverse Asymmetry

68
Q

Lipid Rafts def and function

A

-def: Sphingolipids and sterols self associate into unique domains within the membrane
-particular membrane proteins may be recruited/ excluded from rafts

-fuct: participate in recognition, signaling

69
Q

Sphingolipid saturated chains like to self associate due to what?

A

Van der Waals (hydrophobic) interactions

biochem (13 decks)

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