Chapter 3: Anatomy for Central Service Technicians Flashcards
study of the structure and relationships between body parts
anatomy
study of the functions of the body parts and the body, as a whole
physiology
the basic unit of life
cell(s)
the outer covering of a cell that regulates what enters and leaves it
cell membrane
clear, jelly-like substance of a cell between the cell membrane and the nucleus
cytoplasm
the functional center of a cell that governs activity and heredity
nucleus
a group of similar cells that perform a specialized function
tissue
a part of the body containing two or more tissues that function together for a specific purpose
organ
a group of organs that work together to carry out a specific activity
system
a cord of fibrous tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
tendon
a band of connective tissue that connects a bone to another bone
ligament
a type of flexible connective tissue
cartilage
the process by which cartilage is replaced by bone
ossification
any place where two bones meet
joint
allows the head to lower as the vertebrae of the neck slide over one another
gliding joints
allow movements like swinging one’s arm around in a circle
ball and socket joints
allow a turning motion, such as the palm of the hand rotating from up to down when a bone rotates on another ring-shaped bone
pivot joints
allow backward and forward bending motions such as knees, knuckles, and elbows
hinge joints
a hard-outer material that is dense and strong and consists of calcium and phosphorous
cortical bone
the inner spongy section of the bone
cancellous bone
the number of bones in the human body
206
this system provides support and movement, protects vital organs, produce blood cells, and stores calcium
skeletal system
band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue
fascia
___ ___are muscles attached to bones by tendons and are voluntary
skeletal muscles
___ ___are muscles organized into thin, flat sheets of tissue and are involuntary (visceral). they contract and function without our conscious control
smooth muscles
muscles that are like woven mesh fibers that branch out through the heart to give it more strength to pump blood
cardiac muscle
the part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
all the nerve tissue outside the central nervous system
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the largest part of the brain. it controls mental activities and movement
cerebrum
the second largest part of the brain. it controls muscle coordination, body balance, and posture
cerebellum
controls many automatic body functions such as heartbeat and breathing
brain stem
___ is the white portion of the eye and serves as an outer coat to provide protection
sclera
___ is the middle layer of the eye that furnishes nourishment to the eye via blood vessels
choroid
___ is the eye’s third layer. it is located on the back surface of the eyeball
retina
this is known as the ear drum
tympanic membrane
what are the three bones of the middle ear?
malleus, incus, and stapes
the spiral-shaped tube of the ear which contains receptors or nerve endings that transmits nerve impulses to the brain
cochlea
what is the largest body organ?
skin
this system is known as a vast communication network
nervous system
this system enables movement in the body
muscular system
this system adapts to changes in the environment
endocrine system
chemical messengers that travel through the blood and act on target organs
hormones
this total chemical changes by which the nutritional and functional activities of an organism are maintained
metabolism
a hormone that reduces the level of sugar in the blood
insulin
a hormone that can increase the blood sugar levels
glucagon
what is the small pea-shaped gland located at the base of the brain? it is considered the master gland because it helps control all the activities of the other endocrine glands
pituitary gland
located at the base of the neck just below the larynx (voice box), its hormones help regulate the rate of metabolism and maintain the bodies levels of calcium and phosphorous
thyroid gland
four pea-shaped glands located (or sometimes in) the thyroid that control the blood calcium level
parathyroid gland
during sudden stress, these glands, which are located on top of each kidney, release adrenaline that increases your heart rate and physical strength
adrenal glands
located below the stomach, this gland contains cells organized into groups, known as the Islets of Langerhans. Two primary hormones are produced by the pancreatic islets: insulin and glucagon
pancreas
female sex glands that produce estrogen and progesterone
ovaries
male sex organ that produces testosterone
testes
this system produces life
reproductive system
the male sex cell
sperm
the female sex cell
ovum
rod-shaped structures responsible for inherited characteristics passed on from parent to child
chromosomes
sac in which testes are suspended
scrotum
a tube that carries sperm cells from the testes to the vas deferens
epididymis
a duct that transfers sperm from the epididymis to the seminal vesicle
vas deferens
a gland that produces semen
seminal vesicle
mixture of sperm cells and secretions from several male reproductive glands
semen
a duct formed by the seminal vesicle with the vas deferens, through which semen moves during ejaculation
ejaculatory duct
male organ of urination and intercourse
penis
produces a fluid element in semen that simulated the movement of sperm
prostate gland
the muscular canal in a female that extends from an external opening to the neck of the uterus
vagina
lower end (neck) of the uterus
cervix
a female organ in which the fetus develops during pregnancy
uterus
the lining of the uterus
endometrium
slender tubes that covey the ova (eggs) from the ovaries to the uterus
fallopian tubes
finger-like projections extending from the fallopian tubes that draw ova (eggs) into the fallopian tube
frimbriae
this system provides pollution control by eliminating body waste
urinary and excretory systems
two bean-shaped organs containing a vast network of vessels and tubules, called nephron, that act as a filter to remove excess water and waste substance from the blood to produce urine
kidneys
two tube-like structures that extend from each kidney and connect them to the urinary bladder
ureters
serves as a reservoir for urine
urinary bladder
a membranous canal or tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body to eliminate urine
urethra
an organ that filters the blood to remove amino acids and neutralize some harmful toxins
liver
the largest body organ that contains sweat glands. it is part of the excretory system that through the process of perspiration, produces and eliminates sweat
skin
this system supplies the body with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
respiratory system
this is known as the organ of smell. it also filters the air
nose
the opening through which air, food, and beverages enter the body
mouth
throat
pharynx
connects the throat to the stomach
esophagus
the voice box
larynx
the windpipe
trachea
the main passageway for air to travel from the trachea to the lungs
bronchi
main organs of the respiratory system whose function is transporting oxygen in the blood and removing carbon dioxide from the blood
lungs
this system requires a source of energy or fuel to keep it functioning. its function is to convert food into energy for the body
digestive system
the pathway that food takes through the digestive system. it is also known as the digestive tract
alimentary canal
a pouch that serves as a reservoir for food that has been consumed
stomach
the organ in the digestive system where the greatest amount of digestion and absorption of nutrients into the body cells occur. it is the longest part of the digestive system, approximately 20-30 feet
small intestine
___, ___, and ___ are parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
the digestive organ that is known as the colon, dehydrates digestive residues (feces)
large intestine
the last several inches of the large intestine
rectum
the lower opening of the alimentary canal
anus
this system is the body’s primary transportation network. it delivers nutrients and oxygen to body cells and carries away carbon dioxide. consists of 60,000 miles of blood vessels in the body
circulatory system
this is a subsidiary of the circulatory system and serves a vital role in the body’s defense against disease. consists of a series of tiny vessels located through the body
lymphatic system
a clear liquid fluid that originates from blood plasma
lymph
a type of connective tissue fluid that transports many substances throughout the circulatory system
blood
the largest component of the blood. it transports nutrient throughout the body and helps remove wastes from the body
plasma
blood cells that carry oxygen through the body. are rich in hemoglobin that picks up oxygen in the lungs, transports it to all the body cells and then transports carbon dioxide back to the lungs
red blood cells
blood cells that circulate in the blood and help defend the body against infection or foreign invaders. they are produced by bone marrow
white blood cells
blood cells whose function is the help the blood clot
platelets
the muscular organ (mesh-like woven muscle) that pumps blood throughout the body
heart
vessels that carry blood AWAY FROM the heart
arteries
vessels that carry blood TO the heart
veins
vessels that serve as connection between veins and arteries
capillaries
the two upper chambers of the heart
atria
the two lower chambers of the heart
ventricles
the biggest blood vessel in the body
aorta
