chapter 3 - altered cellular and tissue biology Flashcards
atrophy
decrease or shrinkage
related to protein synthesis or catabolism
physiologic vs. pathologic
hypertrophy
increase in SIZE of cell
protein, not fluid
physiologic vs pathologic
hyperplasia
increase in NUMBER
related to growth factors
physiologic: compensatory , hormonal
Pathologic
dysplasia
abnormal change is SIZE, SHAPE or organization
metaplasia
replacement of cells
hypoxia
most commonly caused by ischemia anoxia (absence of O2 to an organ or tissue Cellular responses: decreased muscle contraction decrease in ATP
Free radical
unstable atoms with unpaired electrons Form with oxygen and cause cell damage Lipid peroxidation alteration of protein alteration of DNA mitochondrial damage
chemical injury
Lead carbon monoxide ethanol mercury social or street drugs
blunt force injury
mechanical injury to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues
sharp force injury
cutting and piercing
gunshot wounds
penetrating vs perforating
infectious injuries
pathogenecity of a microorganism
immunologic and inflammatory injury
phagocytic cells
immune and inflammatory substances
Melanin
brown-black pigments important for skin protection
accumulates in eye and skin
hemoproteins
normal pigment of blood
caused by excess iron storage
seen in BRUISES
bilirubin
yellow/green pigment
NECROSIS
sum of cellular changes that occur after cell death
Coagulative Necrosis
kidneys and heart
due to loss of blood
tissue is firm
Liquefactive necrosis
brain
due to lots of neutrophils around releasing their toxic contents, liquefying the tissues
tissue is liquidy and creamy yellow (pus)
caseous necrosis
lungs (see in TB)
due to blood trying to wall off and kill the bug with macrophage
tissue is white and soft cheesy looking material
fat necrosis
pancreas and abdominal organs
gangrenous necrosis
death of tissue from severe hypoxia- when an entire limb loses blood supply and dies (usually lower leg)
gas gangrene
cause by infection from clostridium family
apoptosis
programmed cellular death
Can occur as a normal physiologic response
Embryogenesis, hormone loss, cell elimination
Can also occur as pathological
infection; severe injury
