chapter 3 - altered cellular and tissue biology

Question 1

atrophy

Answer 1

decrease or shrinkage
related to protein synthesis or catabolism
physiologic vs. pathologic

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in SIZE of cell
protein, not fluid
physiologic vs pathologic

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in NUMBER
related to growth factors
physiologic: compensatory , hormonal
Pathologic

Question 4

dysplasia

Answer 4

abnormal change is SIZE, SHAPE or organization

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

replacement of cells

Question 6

hypoxia

Answer 6

most commonly caused by ischemia 
anoxia (absence of O2 to an organ or tissue
Cellular responses:
decreased muscle contraction
decrease in ATP

Question 7

Free radical

Answer 7

unstable atoms with unpaired electrons
Form with oxygen and cause cell damage
Lipid peroxidation
alteration of protein
alteration of DNA
mitochondrial damage

Question 8

chemical injury

Answer 8

Lead
carbon monoxide
ethanol
mercury
social or street drugs

Question 9

blunt force injury

Answer 9

mechanical injury to the body resulting in the tearing, shearing, or crushing of tissues

Question 10

sharp force injury

Answer 10

cutting and piercing

Question 11

gunshot wounds

Answer 11

penetrating vs perforating

Question 12

infectious injuries

Answer 12

pathogenecity of a microorganism

Question 13

immunologic and inflammatory injury

Answer 13

phagocytic cells

immune and inflammatory substances

Question 14

Melanin

Answer 14

brown-black pigments important for skin protection

accumulates in eye and skin

Question 15

hemoproteins

Answer 15

normal pigment of blood
caused by excess iron storage
seen in BRUISES

Question 16

bilirubin

Answer 16

yellow/green pigment

Question 17

NECROSIS

Answer 17

sum of cellular changes that occur after cell death

Question 18

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 18

kidneys and heart
due to loss of blood
tissue is firm

Question 19

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 19

brain
due to lots of neutrophils around releasing their toxic contents, liquefying the tissues
tissue is liquidy and creamy yellow (pus)

Question 20

caseous necrosis

Answer 20

lungs (see in TB)
due to blood trying to wall off and kill the bug with macrophage
tissue is white and soft cheesy looking material

Question 21

fat necrosis

Answer 21

pancreas and abdominal organs

Question 22

gangrenous necrosis

Answer 22

death of tissue from severe hypoxia- when an entire limb loses blood supply and dies (usually lower leg)

Question 23

gas gangrene

Answer 23

cause by infection from clostridium family

Question 24

apoptosis

Answer 24

programmed cellular death
Can occur as a normal physiologic response
Embryogenesis, hormone loss, cell elimination
Can also occur as pathological
infection; severe injury

Question 25

Aging (degenerative extracellular changes)

Answer 25

elastin and collagen
alteration in skeletal muscle
increase free radical damage

Question 26

intracellular aging

Answer 26

atrophy, decreased function, DNA injury

Question 27

somatic death

Answer 27

death of entire person
Postmortem changes: begin within minutes
Livor mortis: skin discoloration from blood setting
Rigor mortis: stiffening