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psycho 275 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 major divisions of the nervous sytem?

A

central and peripheral

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2
Q

what is the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the PNS?

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

where is the PNS located?

A

outside the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

what is the somatic nervous system composed of?

A

voluntary movements using afferent and efferent nerves

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6
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system composed of ?

A

involuntary bodily responses with afferent and efferent nerves

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7
Q

sympathetic nervous system is also called?

A

fight or flight response

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8
Q

afferent nerves of autonomic

A

sensory information on state of organs

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9
Q

afferent nerves of somatic nervous system

A

brings sensory information into the CNS

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10
Q

efferent nerves of the somatic nervous system

A

carries out motor functions of the CNS

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11
Q

autonomic nervous system acts on

A

smooth muscle, glands, and cardiac muscles

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12
Q

where does the sympathetic autonomic system affect in the CNS?

A

thoracoulmbar

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13
Q

where does the parasympathetic autonomic affect in the CNS?

A

craniosacral

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14
Q

where are the ganglia of the sympathetic system?

A

close to the spinal cord in a chain

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15
Q

where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic?

A

close to the target organs

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16
Q

how long are the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic?

A

long

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17
Q

how long are the postganglionic fibres in the parasympathetic?

A

short

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18
Q

cranial nerves

A
  • 12 pairs in the periphery that originate on ventral surface of the brain instead of the spinal cord
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19
Q

describe the cranial nerves

A

mostly olfactory and optic sensory nerves, some autonomic, motor and sensory

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20
Q

describe autonomic motor cranial nerves

A

parasympathetic

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21
Q

what protects the CNS?

A
  • 3 layers of meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, encased in bone
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22
Q

what is the dura mater?

A
  • hard outer layer of meninges that restricts movement within the skull.
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23
Q

what do the sinus do in the dura mater?

A
  • drains deoxy blood and cerebrospinal fluid waste
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24
Q

arachnoi mater

A

-2nd layer

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25
Q

subarachnoid space

A
  • contains cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels
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26
Q

PIA mater

A
  • adheres to the surface of the CNS and encloses it
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27
Q

what are the locations of the cerebrospinal fluid?

A

-subarachnoid space, central canal, ventricles

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28
Q

central canal

A

channel that runs the length of spinal cord

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29
Q

hydrocephalus

A

water pressure buildup or tumor obstructing channel of CSF

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30
Q

what does the cerebrospinal fluid help with?

A

shock absorption, support and cushioning

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31
Q

ventircles

A

large internal chambers that produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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32
Q

where is the cerebrospinal fluid made?

A

choroid plexus of ventricles

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33
Q

choroid plexus

A

capillary networks that protrude into ventricles via pia mater

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34
Q

what does the CSF clean?

A

Metabolites and toxins

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35
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

highly packed cells surrounding blood vessels, epithelial, and glial cells that keeps the CNS physiologically separated from the PNS

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36
Q

what does the BBB do?

A

keeps molecules out of the brain using semi permeable transport mechanisms to maintain electrochemical homeostasis

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37
Q

How is the BBB broken down?

A

high blood pressure, high concentrations of non-permeable molecules through drug effects, brain injury or disease, infection, microwaves, and radiation

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38
Q

when is the BBB not formed

A

at birth

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39
Q

what are the cells of the nervous system

A

neurons, glia, and satellite cells

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40
Q

what are neurons?

A

specialized cells for electrochemical signals, reception, conduction, and transmission

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41
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

by the number of structures emanating from cell body

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42
Q

nerve fibre

A

nerve process (axon or dendrite)

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43
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axon fibres in PNS

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44
Q

Tract

A

bundle of axon fibres in CNS

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45
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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46
Q

nucleus

A

cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS

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47
Q

what are the major types of glia?

A

astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

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48
Q

what are astrocytes

A

largest glia cells with 9 substance and star shaped

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49
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

provide metabolic support to neurons, clean up NT’s, signal NT’s hold neurons in place, regulate ions in extracellular space, regulate blood flow, form the BBB

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50
Q

what do astrocytes do to help synapse?

A

rearrange, control, establish, and maintain

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51
Q

astrocyte synctium

A

connected by gap junctions, dwelling place of thoughts

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52
Q

what do microglia do?

A

macrophage, multiply in response to injury/ disease, regulate cell death, active immune defense, synaptic plasticity

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53
Q

what are oligodendrocytes?

A

myelin-rich extensions that wrap around axons in the CNS

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54
Q

what does the myelin sheath do?

A

speed conduction, nourish, axons, white matter in brain, necessary for complex nerve interactions, occurs for 20 years postnatally

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55
Q

what are Schwann cells?

A

myelin cells of the PNS that guides regeneration and only wraps around one axon segment

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56
Q

what is the myelin sheath composed of?

A

fast and proteins

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57
Q

how is the myelin formed?

A

synthesized by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells to induce saltatory conduction and provide nutrients

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58
Q

loss of myelin leads to what?

A

multiple sclerosis

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59
Q

anterior

A

nose or front

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60
Q

posterior

A

tail or back

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61
Q

dorsal

A

top of head

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62
Q

ventral

A

bottom of head

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63
Q

medial

A

midline

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64
Q

lateral

A

away from midline

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65
Q

function of spinal cord

A

links brain to body and body to brain

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66
Q

what are the nerve roots of the spinal cord?

A

dorsal and ventral

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67
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory afferent nerves that are unipolar

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68
Q

ventral root

A

motor efferent nerves that are multipolar

69
Q

what are the 4 regions of the spinal cord?

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

70
Q

internal structure of spinal cord

A

white matter in periphery, grey matter in middle

71
Q

white matter

A

myelinated axons

72
Q

grey matter

A

unmyelinated cell bodies

73
Q

what are the 4 main columns of the spinal cord?

A

dorsal horn, ventral horn, lateral horn, intermediate column

74
Q

dorsal horn

A

somatosensory nuclei

75
Q

ventral horn

A

motor neurons, dendrites, and cell bodies, innervate skeletal muscles or internal organs

76
Q

intermediate column

A

automatic nerves innervate visceral and pelvic organs

77
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla and origin of reticular formation

78
Q

medulla

A

ascending and descending tracts at core

79
Q

reticular formation

A

composes core of hindbrain and midbrain and is a nuclei of arousal system

80
Q

metencephalon

A

ascending and descending tracts, cerebellum, pons

81
Q

cerebellum

A

sensorimotor coordination, maintains fine motor skills, role in cognition, language, attention

82
Q

pons

A

swelling on ventral surface of brain stem that contains reticular formation and transfers information between the brainstem and the cerebellum

83
Q

Mesencephalon

A

midbrain that contains the tectum and tegmentum

84
Q

tectum

A

superior colliculi (visuomotor), inferior colliculi

85
Q

tegnmentum contains

A

reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra, periaqueductal gray

86
Q

red nucleus

A

sensorimotor, motor coordination, hemoglobin and ferratin

87
Q

substantia nigra

A

sensorimotor, reward, addiction, and movement, melanin

88
Q

periaqueductal gray

A

analgesia, defensive behaviour, gate control theory of pain

89
Q

how does the gate control theory of pain work

A

releases endorphins and dense endorphin receptors

90
Q

the diencephalon is composed of what?

A

thalamus, hypothalamus

91
Q

what is the thalamus composed of?

A

sensory relay nuclei in two lobes

92
Q

what is the lateral geniculate nuclei for?

A

sensory relay in thalamus for vision

93
Q

what is the medial geniculate nucleus for?

A

sensory relay in the thalamus for audition

94
Q

what is the ventral posterior nucleus for?

A

sensory relay for touch

95
Q

what is the hypothalamus composed of?

A

pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, optic chiasm

96
Q

what does the pituitary gland do?

A

releases hormones

97
Q

what doe hormones do?

A

modulate behaviours of stress, reproduction, feeding etc

98
Q

what is the telencephalon composed of ?

A

cerebral hemispheres with cortex convolutions, limbic system, and the basal ganglia

99
Q

what separates the cerebral hemispheres

A

longitudinal fissure called the corpus callosum

100
Q

what are gyri?

A

hills on the cortex

101
Q

what are sulci?

A

valleys on the cortex

102
Q

what is the precentral gyri?

A

primary motor cortex

103
Q

what is the postcentral gyri?

A

primary somatosensory cortex

104
Q

what is the superior temporal gyri for?

A

auditory

105
Q

what is the neocortex?

A

6 layers of cortex with columnar organization

106
Q

what neuron make up the neocortex?

A

pyramidal neurons and stellate neurons

107
Q

what are pyramidal neurons?

A

large, multipolar neurons

108
Q

what are stellate neurons?

A

interneurons that are small and star shaped

109
Q

what is the limbic system for?

A

regulation of motivated behaviours: 3 F’s

110
Q

what is primitive cortex composed of?

A

hippocampus and cingulate cortex

111
Q

what is the amygdala for?

A

emotional memory, fear and anger

112
Q

what is the basal ganglia for?

A

voluntary motor control, procedural learning

113
Q

what is the best ganglia composed of?

A

amygdala, nucleus accumbens, striatum, globus pallidus

114
Q

what is the nucleus accumbens for?

A

reinforcement learning, drug and reward learning

115
Q

what is the striatum composed of?

A

caudate nucleus and putamen

116
Q

what is the dura

A

first layer of the meninges though matter, restrict movement within in skull

117
Q

what is the arachnoid matter?

A

second layer of meninges web like has subarachnoid space right below it
contains cerebrospinal fluid and large blood vessels

118
Q

what is the pia matter?

A

third layer of meninges
delicate
adheres to surface of CNS
maintain oxygen level in brain

119
Q

BBB allows ____ soluble materials to pass

A

lipid

120
Q

water can or cannot cross the BBB?

A

cannot

121
Q

children have reflexes that adults do not because their axons are not ____ yet

A

myelinated

122
Q

sympathetic nerves are located in the ___ region of the spinal cord

A

thoracolumbar

123
Q

parasympathetic nerves are located in the ___ region of the spinal cord

A

craniosacral

124
Q

location of parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglias

A

parasympathetic - close to target organs

sympathetic- close to spinal cord

125
Q

lengths of postganglionic fibres of parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways

A

parasympathetic - short

sympathetic - long

126
Q

which one has more branches postganglionic fibres - parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

sympathetic

127
Q

damage to medulla produces ___ chances of survival

A

low

128
Q

ipsilateral means

A

same side

129
Q

contralateral means

A

opposite side

130
Q

hydrocephalus

A

overflow of CSF in Brain

131
Q

what do the ventricles in the brain do

A

produce CSF

132
Q

ways to break the BBB

A 
high BP
birth defect
high concentration of non permeable molecules
injury
infection
radiation
133
Q

2 main types of cells in the nervous sytem

A

neurons and glial cells

134
Q

multipolar neurons

A

a neutron with more than 2 processes extending from its soma

135
Q

unipolar neuron

A

neuron with one process extending from its soma

136
Q

bipolar neurons

A

neuron with 2 processes extending from its soma

137
Q

what do microglia do?

A

acts as macrophages, multiple in response to injury/ disease
active immune defense
fast acting

138
Q

why do microglia ac as an immune defense when there are antibodies in the brain

A

because antibodies can’t pass the BBB

139
Q

coronal plane

A

from ear to ear

140
Q

sagittal plane

A

from nose to back of head

141
Q

axial (transverse plane)

A

upper and lower halves

142
Q

what structures are present in the diencephalon

A 
thalamus
hypothalamus
sensory relay nuclei
mammillary bodies
optic chiasm
143
Q

when looked at from above, what shape does the spinal cord look like

A

butterfly

144
Q

where is white matter found in the spinal cord

A

in periphery of butterfly shape

145
Q

where is grey matter found in the spinal cord

A

in the middle of the butterfly shape

146
Q

in lower regions of the spinal cord, what happens to the ratio of grey matter to white matter

A

it increases

147
Q

what are the 4 columns of the spinal cord (not the 4 bone regions)

A

dorsal horn
ventral horn
lateral horn
intermediate horn

148
Q

what are the 5 major divisions of the brain

A 
telencephalon
diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon
149
Q

what is an analogy for gyri and sulci/ fissures

A

gyri are hills

sulci/fissures are valleys

150
Q

what separates the frontal and parietal lobe

A

central fissure

151
Q

what separates the temporal lobe from the other lobes

A

lateral fissure

152
Q

what separates the two hemispheres of the brain

A

longitudinal fissure

153
Q

where is the precentral gyri and what does it do

A

present in frontal lobe acts as primary motor cortex

154
Q

where is the postcentral gyri located and what does it do

A

in parietal lobe

acts as primary somatosensory cortex

155
Q

where is the superior temporal cortex located and what does it do

A

in temporal lobe, it acts as an auditory cortex

156
Q

functions of hippocampus

A

spatial learning and memory

157
Q

functions of cingulate cortex

A

receives input from thalamus and neocortex

158
Q

what structures are present in the primitive cortex of the limbic system

A

hippocampus

cingulate cortex

159
Q

what are the subcortical structures present in the limbic system

A

amygdala
fornix
septum
mammillary bodies

160
Q

what is the amygdala involved with?

A

emotional memory

fear and anger

161
Q

what is the kluver-bucy syndrome and what causes it

A
  • caused my malfunction of amygdala characterized by inappropriate sexual beahviour
162
Q

what does the fornix do

A

acts as tract for white matter

163
Q

what is basal ganglia

A

network of structures important for voluntary movement and procedural learning

164
Q

what are the cortical structures involved in the basal ganglia

A

amygdala
nucleus accumbens
striatum (caudate nucleus+ putamen)
globus pallidus

165
Q

the basal ganglia is part of the ___ system

A

limbic

166
Q

what structures are present in the primitive cortex of the limbic system

A

hippocampus

cingulate cortex

167
Q

what kind of cells form the BBB?

A

astrocytes

168
Q

the stellate calls in the fourth layer of the neocortex specialize in

A

receiving sensory signals from the thalamus

psycho 275 (5 decks)

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