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bio proctored exam 1 > chapter 3 > Flashcards

chapter 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Summarize the three principles of ‘cell doctrine’.

A
  1. All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
  2. A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all the characteristics of life.
  3. All cells are derived from preexisting cells.
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2
Q

Membrane surrounding the cell, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded cholesterol and proteins. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

General term for a central or essential part. The nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons and contains most of the atomic mass. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the cell’s DNA

A

nucleus

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4
Q

The cellular material surrounding a cell nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane.

A

cytoplasm

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5
Q

that carry out specialized functions, such as digesting nutrients or packaging cellular products.

A

eukaryotes

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6
Q

A single-celled organism that lacks the nucleus and the membrane-bound organelles characteristic of eukaryotes. Bacteria are prokaryotes.

A

prokaryotes

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7
Q

Give an example of how cell structure relates to cell function

A

Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria to facilitate muscle contraction

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8
Q

Summarize why cells must remain small

A

● The total metabolic activities of a cell are proportional to its volume of cytoplasm, which is in effect its size. To support its activities, every cell needs raw materials in proportion to its size. Every cell also needs a way to get rid of its wastes.
● All raw materials, energy, and waste must cross the plasma membrane to enter or leave the cell.
● As cells get larger, their volume increases more than their surface area. For both spheres and cubes, for example, an eightfold increase in volume is accompanied by only a fourfold increase in surface area.

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9
Q

General term for a central or essential part. The nucleus of an atom consists of neutrons and protons and contains most of the atomic mass. The nucleus of a eukaryotic cell contains the cell’s DNA.

A

Nucleus

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10
Q

Within the nucleus is a dense region called the nucleolus, where the components of ribosomes (RNA and ribosomal proteins) are synthesized

A

Nucleolus

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11
Q

It is composed of a soft, gel-like fluid called the cytosol (“cell solution”). The cytosol contains a variety of microscopic structures called organelles

A

Cytosol

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12
Q

Membrane bound vesicle in the cell cytoplasm containing powerful enzymes that detoxify harmful or toxic substances.

A

Peroxisome

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13
Q

are short, rodlike microtubular structures located near the nucleus. Centrioles are essential to the process of cell division because they participate in aligning and dividing the genetic material of the cell.

A

Centrioles

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14
Q

A cell’s internal “skeleton.” The cytoplasm is a system of microtubules and other components that support cellular structures and provide the machinery to generate various cell movements.

A

Cytoskeleton

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15
Q

The smooth ER synthesizes macromolecules other than protein. Most notable among these are the lipids, including some hormones. Numerous enzymes embedded in the inner surface of the ER membrane facilitate the chemical reactions necessary for macromolecule synthesis.

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

The rough ER is involved in the synthesis of proteins, as you may guess from the presence of ribosomes. Most of the proteins synthesized by the attached ribosomes are released into the fluid-filled space of the ER. Eventually they enter the smooth ER, where they are packaged for transfer to the Golgi apparatus

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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17
Q

Membranous system within a cell that packages proteins and lipids destined for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes

A

golgi apparatus

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18
Q

Secretory vesicles contain products destined for export from the cell. They migrate to the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell. Because most secretory products are made in the Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles generally derive from Golgi apparatus membrane.

A

secretory vesicle

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19
Q

are small structures composed of RNA and certain proteins that are either floating freely in the cytosol or are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, the cell organelle that synthesizes most biological molecules. Ribosomes are responsible for making specific proteins. They assemble amino acids into proteins by connecting the appropriate amino acids in the correct sequence according to an RNA template.

A

Ribosomes

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20
Q

Membrane surrounding the cell, consisting of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded cholesterol and proteins. The plasma membrane regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

A

plasma membrane

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21
Q

the organelles responsible for providing most of this usable energy; they are often called the cells’ “power plants.” Not surprisingly, their number within different cells varies widely according to the energy requirements of the cells. A cell with a high rate of energy consumption, such as a muscle cell, may contain over 1,000 mitochondria

A

Mitochondrion

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22
Q

contain powerful digestive enzymes. Lysosomes fuse with endocytotic vesicles within the cell, digesting bacteria and other large objects. Lysosomes also perform certain housekeeping tasks, such as dissolving and removing damaged mitochondria and other cellular debris. When their digestive task is complete, they become residual bodies, analogous to small bags of compacted waste. Residual bodies can be stored in the cell, but usually their contents are eliminated from the cell.

A

Lysosome

23
Q

Describe the role of fat and glycogen within cells.

A

They function as energy sources

24
Q

A cell’s internal “skeleton.” The cytoplasm is a system of microtubules and other components that support cellular structures and provide the machinery to generate various cell movements

A

Cytoskeleton

25
Q

A few cells have hairlike cilia (singular: cilium) or longer flagella (singular: flagellum) that extend from the surface. Cilia are generally only 2 to 10 microns long (1 micron equals one-millionth of a meter). In cells that have them, cilia are numerous (Figure 3.12a). Cilia move materials

A

cilia

26
Q

short, rodlike microtubular structures located near the nucleus. Centrioles are essential to the process of cell division because they participate in aligning and dividing the genetic material of the cell. We discuss centrioles when we describe how a cell divides in two

A

centrioles

27
Q

Describe the structure and function of the plasma membrane.

A

A selectively permeable bi layer with transport proteins embedded in the membrane the admit and expulse molecules as needed

28
Q

What are the three major components of the plasma membrane?

A

● Phospholipids. Recall that phospholipids are a particular type of lipid with a polar head and neutral nonpolar tails. In the plasma membrane, the two layers of phospholipids are arranged so that the nonpolar tails meet in the center of the membrane. One layer of polar (water-soluble) heads faces the watery solution on the outside of the cell, and the other layer of polar heads faces the watery solution of the cell’s cytoplasm.
● Cholesterol. Cholesterol increases the mechanical strength of the membrane by preventing it from becoming either too rigid or too flexible. It also prevents the phospholipids from moving around too much and helps to anchor the proteins within the membrane.
● Proteins. Various proteins are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. Like the doors, windows, and wires of a house, they provide the means for transporting molecules and information across the plasma membrane. A few membrane proteins anchor the cell’s internal scaffoldlike support network. Some proteins span the entire membrane; others protrude from only one surface. Plasma membrane proteins generally have one region that is electrically neutral and another that is electrically charged (either + or -). The charged regions tend to extend out of the membrane and thus are in contact with water, whereas the neutral portions are often embedded within the phospholipid bilayer.

29
Q

What are the functions of proteins in the membrane?

A

For transport

30
Q

Differentiate between passive and active transport

A

Passive transport is “passive” because it transports a molecule without requiring the cell to expend any energy. Passive transport relies on the mechanism of diffusion.

active transport can move substances through the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient. Active transport allows a cell to accumulate essential molecules even when their concentration outside the cell is relatively low and to get rid of molecules that it does not need. Active transport requires the expenditure of energy

31
Q

The movement of molecules from one region to another as the result of random motion. Net diffusion proceeds from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

A

Diffusion

32
Q

The net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, such as a cell membrane.

A

Osmosis

33
Q

Does water move toward or away from the side with the higher solute concentration?

A

toward

34
Q

In facilitated transport, also called facilitated diffusion, the molecule does not pass through a channel at all. Instead, it attaches to a membrane protein, triggering a change in the protein’s shape or orientation that transfers the molecule to the other side of the membrane, where it is released (Figure 3.16c). Once the molecule is released, the protein returns to its original form.

A

Facilitated transport

35
Q

(Na+/K+ pump) An active transport protein of the plasma membrane that simultaneously transports three sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell and two potassium ions (K+) in. The sodium-potassium pump is important for maintaining cell volume and for generating the resting membrane potential.

A

sodium-potassium pump

36
Q

What is the direct energy source for the Na+/K+

A

ATP

37
Q

What is the function of the Na+/K+ pump?

A

The sodium-potassium pump is important for maintaining cell volume and for generating the resting membrane potential.

38
Q

Differentiate between endo and exo-cytosis.

A

you know this one

39
Q

A small membrane-bound, fluid-filled sac that encloses and contains certain substances within a cell.

A

vesicle

40
Q

A protein molecule of the cell membrane whose function is to transmit information across the cell membrane. Typically, when a particular molecule in the interstitial fluid binds to the receptor protein, a specific series of events is triggered within the cell.

A

receptor protein

41
Q

, General term for normal tone or tension. In biology an isotonic solution is one with the same solute concentration as plasma. Cells maintain their normal cell volume in isotonic solutions.

A

isotonic

42
Q

General term for above-normal tone or tension. In biology, a hypertonic solution is one with a higher solute concentration than plasma. Cells shrink when placed in a hypertonic solution.

A

hypertonic

43
Q

Would water flow into or out of a cell placed in a hypertonic solution? Is this an example of osmosis or diffusion?

A

out

44
Q

is the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the organism

A

metabolism

45
Q

Molecules are assembled into larger molecules that contain more energy, a process that requires energy. The assembly of a protein from many amino acids is an example of an anabolic pathway.

A

Anabolism

46
Q

Larger molecules are broken down, a process that releases energy. The breakdown of glucose into water, carbon dioxide, and energy is an example of a catabolic pathway.

A

Catabolism

47
Q

Differentiate between product and substrate in a metabolic pathway

A

Substrate is an ingredient for making a product

48
Q

Summarize the process of cellular respiration.

A
  1. Glycolysis. The six-carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. Energy is required to get the process started.
  2. The preparatory step. In preparation for the citric acid cycle, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion. A series of chemical reactions yields a two-carbon molecule called acetyl CoA, plus some energy.
  3. The citric acid cycle. An acetyl CoA molecule is broken down completely by mitochondrial enzymes, and its energy is released. Most of the energy is captured by certain high-energy electron transport molecules.
  4. The electron transport system. Most of the energy derived from the original glucose molecule is used to phosphorylate ADP, producing high-energy ATP.
49
Q

When oxygen is available, how many ATP are ultimately produced from the catabolism of one glucose?

A

36ATP

50
Q

Other than glucose what other major organic molecules can be used to produce ATP by cellular respiration?

A

Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins are used to make ATP.

51
Q

What is different about an anaerobic pathway compared to normal cellular respiration?

A

It produces only 2 atp

52
Q

In the absence of oxygen only glycolysis can occur. How many ATP are produced in the absence of oxygen?

A

2

53
Q

What product builds up due to anaerobic metabolism?

A

Lactic acid

bio proctored exam 1 (8 decks)

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