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bio proctored exam 1 > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed; the investigation of their properties and the ways in which they interact, combine, and change; and the use of these processes to form new substances.

A

Chemistry

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2
Q

positively charged particles

A

protons

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3
Q

neutral particles

A

neutrons

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4
Q

Smaller negatively charged particles orbit the nucleus

A

electrons

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5
Q

What is the electric charge of a proton? an electron?

A

positive, negative

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6
Q

a fundamental (pure) form of matter that cannot be broken down to a simpler form.

A

Element

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7
Q

Different atomic forms of the same element, varying only in the number of neutrons they contain. The heavier forms tend to be radioactive.

A

isotope

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8
Q

Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined by chemical bonds. water

A

molecule

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9
Q

that which is not actually performing any work at the moment

A

Potential energy

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10
Q

Energy that is actually doing work

A

kinetic energy

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11
Q

Strong, A bond in which the sharing of electrons between atoms results in each atom having a maximally filled outermost shell of electrons

A

Covalent bond

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12
Q

Moderate The bond between two oppositely charged ions (atoms or molecules that were formed by the permanent transfer of one or more electrons)

A

Ionic bond

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13
Q

An atom or molecule with a positive or negative electric charge.

A

ion

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14
Q

What charge will an ion have if it losses an electron? gains an electron?

A

positive, then negative

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15
Q

What are ions in body fluids (such as Na+, K+, Cl-) called?

A

electrolytes because solutions of water containing ions are good conductors of electricity

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16
Q

Molecules such as water that are electrically neutral overall but still have partially charged regions, or poles,

A

polar molecule

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17
Q

Which type of bond makes adjacent polar molecules stick together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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18
Q

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen are?

A

the four most common elements in living things

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19
Q

Summarize why water is essential to life.

A

Water is the solvent that transports many essential molecules and other particles around the body

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20
Q

Differentiate between solvent and solute.

A

A solute is a substance that is added to a solvent to form a solution. A solvent is a substance that dissolves the solute particles during the formation of a solution.

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21
Q

attracted to water

A

hydrophilic

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22
Q

resists water

A

hydrophobic

23
Q

Differentiate between acids and bases in terms of whether a substance adds H+ to solution or removes it.

A

the difference between acids and bases is that acids donate protons and bases accept protons. When a proton—a hydrogen ion—from an acid is accepted by a hydroxide ion from a base, the two ions join together and form a molecule of water.

24
Q

How does the fact that water is polar give it the ability to hold ions apart?

A

it can dissolve ionic substances

25
Q

If HCl dissociates in water to H+ and Cl-; is it an acid or a base?

A

Acid

26
Q

If a substance has a pH of 9 is it an acid or a base?

A

base

27
Q

What pH value is neutral (not an acid or base)?

A

7

28
Q

What does a buffer do?

A

A buffer is any substance that tends to minimize the changes in pH that might otherwise occur when an acid or base is added to a solution.

29
Q

molecules that contain carbon and other elements held together by covalent bonds.

A

Organic molecules

30
Q

large molecules built up from smaller subunits

A

Macromolecules

31
Q

Which type of chemical reactions between macromolecules joins them together or breaks them apart? (Hydrolysis or Dehydration Synthesis)

A

Dehydration builds and hydrolysis breaks down

32
Q

What are the four classes of organic molecules?

A

proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

33
Q

Differentiate between monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides.

A

When two units of monosaccharides are joint to form a complex it is called disaccharides, while 3-10 complexed units are termed as oligosaccharides and 11 or more units joined together are called as polysaccharides.

34
Q

Which of the terms describes glucose? starch? glycogen? (the ides)

A

Glucose is a monosaccharide starch and glycogen are polysacharides

35
Q

What type of chemical reaction bonds glucose molecules together to form glycogen? (Hydolysis or Dehydration Synthesis)

A

dehydration

36
Q

Describe the characteristics of lipids.

A

For biology, the most important physical characteristic of the class of organic molecules called lipids is that they are relatively insoluble, meaning they do not dissolve in water. The most important subclasses of lipids in your body are triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids.

37
Q

Are lipids hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

38
Q

Differentiate between Triglycerides and Fatty acids.

A

Triglycerides, also called neutral fats or just fats, are synthesized from a molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids (Figure 2.16a). Fatty acids are chains of hydrocarbons (usually about 16 to 18 carbons long) that end in a group of atoms known as a carboxyl group (HO¬C==O). Fats vary in the length of their fatty acid tails and

39
Q

Differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fats.

A

Saturated fats have a full complement of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon in their tails (Figure 2.16b). In saturated fats, the tails are fairly straight, allowing them to pack closely together. As a result, saturated fats are generally solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fats, also called oils, have fewer than two hydrogen atoms on one or more of the carbon atoms in the tails (Figure 2.16c). As a result, double bonds form between adjacent carbons, putting kinks in the tails and preventing the fats from associating closely together. Consequently, unsaturated fats (oils) are generally liquid at room temperature.

40
Q

a modified form of lipid. They are the primary structural component of cell membranes.

A

Phospholipids

41
Q

Which portion of a phospholipid orients toward the inter or extracellular water? (Polar phosphate head or Non-polar fatty acid tails)

A

The polar phosphate head

42
Q

Know that steroids such as cholesterol, estrogen, and testosterone are

A

lipids

43
Q

Describe the relationship between proteins and amino acids.

A

Proteins are macromolecules constructed from long strings of single units called amino acids

44
Q

Primary structure.

A

The primary structure of a protein is represented by its amino acid sequence. In writing, each amino acid is indicated by a three-letter code

45
Q

Secondary structure.

A

Secondary structure. The secondary structure describes how the chain of amino acids is oriented in space. A common secondary structure of proteins is an alpha helix. An alpha helix is a right-hand spiral that is stabilized by hydrogen bonds between amino acids at regular intervals.

46
Q

Tertiary structure.

A

Tertiary structure, the third level, refers to how the protein twists and folds to form a three-dimensional shape.

47
Q

Quaternary structure

A

The quaternary (fourth) structure of some proteins refers to how many polypeptide chains make up the protein

48
Q

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction

A

an enzyme

49
Q

What does it mean to denature an enzyme?

A

Denaturation refers to permanent disruption of protein structure, leading to a loss of biological function

50
Q

How does denaturation relate to our need to maintain homeostasis?

A

Denaturing enzymes can disrupt homeostasis

51
Q

List two nucleic acids. (the code)

A

Dna and rna

52
Q

What is the function of DNA?

A

DNA contains the instructions for producing RNA

53
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

RNA contains the instructions for producing proteins.

54
Q

What is the relationship between DNA and the proteins that we produce?

A

Functionally, DNA maintains the protein-encoding information, whereas RNA uses the information to enable the cell to synthesize the particular protein. a. 1 Differences between DNA and RNA Notes: DNA stores the genetic information, where as RNA uses the information to help the cell produces the protein.

bio proctored exam 1 (8 decks)

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