Chapter 3

Question 1

appetitive conditioning

Answer 1

conditioning procedure in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is an appetitive event (one that the organism approaches or seeks out)

Question 2

aversive conditioning

Answer 2

conditioning procedure in which the unconditioned stimulus (US) is an aversive event (one that the organism avoids)

Question 3

backward conditioning

Answer 3

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the neutral stimulus (NS) follows the onset of the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

a process whereby a stimulus comes to elicit a response because it has been paired with (or associated with) another stimulus. also known as Pavlovian conditioning or respondent conditioning

Question 5

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 5

the response, often similar to the unconditioned response, that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 6

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Answer 6

any stimulus that, although initially neutral (NS), comes to elicit a response because it has been associated with (paired with) an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 7

delayed conditioning

Answer 7

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the neutral stimulus (NS) precedes the onset of the unconditioned stimulus (US), and the two stimuli overlap

Question 8

dishabituation

Answer 8

the reappearance of a habituated response to a stimulus following the presentation of another, seemingly irrelevant novel stimulus

Question 9

elicited behavior

Answer 9

behavior drawn out (elicited) by a preceding stimulus. also known as respondent behavior

Question 10

excitatory conditioning

Answer 10

conditioning procedure in which the neutral stimulus (NS) is associated with the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 11

fixed action pattern

Answer 11

a fixed sequence of responses elicited by a specific stimulus

Question 12

flexion response

Answer 12

the automatic response of jerking one’s hand or foot away from a hot or sharp object

Question 13

habituation

Answer 13

a decrease in the strength of an elicited behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Question 14

inhibitory conditioning

Answer 14

conditioning procedure in which the NS is associated with the absence or removal or a an unconditioned stimulus (US_

Question 15

opponent-process theory

Answer 15

a theory proposing than an emotional event elicits two competing processes (1) an a-process (or primary process) that is directly elicited by the event, and (2) a b-process (or opponent process) that is elicited by the a-process and serves to counteract the a-process

Question 16

orienting response

Answer 16

the automatic positioning of oneself to facilitate attending to a stimulus

Question 17

pseudoconditioning

Answer 17

a situation in which an elicited r3esponse that appears to be a conditioned response (CR) as actually the result of sensitization rather than conditioning

Question 18

reflex

Answer 18

a relatively simple, involuntary response to a stimulus

Question 19

reflex arc

Answer 19

a neural structure that underlies many simple reflexes and consists of a sensory neuron, an interneuron, and a motor neuron

Question 20

sensitization

Answer 20

an increase in the strength of an elicited response

Question 21

sign stimulus (or releaser)

Answer 21

a specific stimulus that elicits a fixed action pattern

Question 22

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 22

conditioning procedure in which the onset of the neutral stimulus (NS) and the onset of the unconditioned stimulus (US) are simultaneous

Question 23

startle response

Answer 23

a defensive reaction to a sudden, unexpected stimulus, which involves the automatic tightening of skeletal muscles and various hormonal and visceral changes

Question 24

temporal conditioning

Answer 24

a form of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the passage of time

Question 25

trace conditioning

Answer 25

conditioning procedure in which the onset of offset of the neutral stimuli (NS) precedes the onset of the unconditioned stimulus (US)

Question 26

unconditioned response (UR)

Answer 26

the response that is naturally (without prior learning) elicited by unconditional stimulus (US)

Question 27

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Answer 27

a stimulus that naturally (without prior learning) elicits a response