Chapter 1 Flashcards
(26 cards)
radical behaviorism
(Skinner) is a brand of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of the environment on overt behavior, rejects the use of internal events to explain the behavior, and feelings as behaviors that themselves need to be explained
behavior analysis
the behavioral science that grew out of skinner’s philosophy of radical behaviorism. also known as the “experimental analysis of behavior”
applied behavior analysis
a technology of behavior in which basic principles of behavior are applied to solving real world issues
reciprocal determinism
the assumption that environmental events, observable behavior, “person variables” (including internal event) reciprocally influence each other
social learning theory
(Bandura) a brand behaviorism that strongly emphasizes the importance of observational learning any cognitive variables in explaining human behavior. also known as “cognitive social learning theory” or “social-cognitive theory”
cognitive behaviorism
(Tolman) a brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, usually in the form of hypothesized cognitive processes, to help explain behavior. sometimes called “purposive behaviorism”
neobehaviorism
(Hull) a brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior
methodical behaviorism
(Watson) a brand of behaviorism that asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed
behavior
any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured
behaviorism
a natural science approach to psychology that traditionally focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior
British empiricism
a philosophical school of thought that maintains that almost all knowledge is a function of the experience
cognitive map
the deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behavior
empiricism
in psychology, the assumption that behavior patterns are mostly learned rather than inherited. also known as the nurture perspective (or, rarely, as nurturism)
evolutionary adaptation
an inherited trait (physical or behavioral) that has been shaped through natural selection
functionalism
in approach to psychology that proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us and that the focus psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes
introspection
the attempt to accurately describe one’s conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences
latent learning
learning that occurs in the absence of any observable indication of learning and only becomes apparent at a later time
law of contiguity
the law of the association in which events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space or readily associated with each other
law of contrast
a law of association in which events that are opposite from each other readily associated with each other
law of frequency
a law of association in which the most frequently two items occur together, the more strongly they’re associated with each other
learning
a relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience
mind-body dualism
Descrates’ philosophical assumption that some human behaviors or bodily reflexes that are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely chosen
nativism
the assumption that persons characteristics are largely inborn. also known as the nature perspective
natural selection
the evolutionary principle according to which organisms that are better able to adapt to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce and pass along those adaptive characteristics than those that cannot adapt
