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Nutrition > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A
  • process of breaking down food into components small enough to be absorbed
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2
Q

absorption

A
  • process of taking substances into interior of body
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3
Q

gastrointestinal tract

A
  • hollow tube

- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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4
Q

transit time

A
  • time it takes food to pass length of gi tract
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5
Q

functions of gi tract

A
  • ingestion - softening of food
  • transport - rate varies
  • secretion - enzymes, acid, bile, mucus
  • absorption - of end products of digestion
  • elimination
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6
Q

salivary glands

A
  • moistens food

- supplies enzymes

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7
Q

gallbladder

A
  • stores and secretes bile

- bile pH ~7-7.7 (alkaline)

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8
Q

pancreas

A
  • secretes bicarbonate (alkaline) secretes enzyme
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9
Q

mouth

A
  • mechanical breakdown through teeth
  • enzymes: amylase-carbs (makes starch taste sweet), lingual lipase-fat
  • saliva - moistens food for swallowing
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10
Q

esophagus

A
  • transports food bolus from mouth to stomach
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11
Q

epiglottis

A
  • covers passage to lungs when swallowing
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12
Q

pyloric sphincter

A
  • smooth muscle at junction between pylorus of stomach and duodenum of small intestine
  • acts as valve to control flow of digested food from stomach to intestine
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13
Q

duodenum

A
  • proximal (upper) part of small intestine

- most digestion occurs in this part

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14
Q

jejunum

A
  • middle part of small intestine

- absorbs digested nutrients

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15
Q

ileum

A
  • distal part of small intestine

- absorbs digested nutrients

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16
Q

chyme

A
  • thick semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from stomach to duodenum
  • both physically and chemically softened food
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17
Q

peristalsis

A
  • physical movement
  • waves of muscular contractions
  • longitudinal muscles relax
    stomach: every 2s
    small intestines: ever 4 s
    large intestines: slower
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18
Q

stomach

A
  • hydrochloric acid: preps protein for digestion, activates enzymes (pepsinogen to pepsin)
  • pepsin: begins protein digestion
  • gastric lipase: some fat digestion
  • gastrin: stimulates gastric secretions and movement
  • water
  • mucous
  • intrinsic factor
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19
Q

illeum

A
  • intrinsic factor - needed for absorption of vitb12
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20
Q

digestive sectretions

A
  • mucus: viscous materail produced by globlet cells, moistens, lubricates, protects gi tract
  • enzymes: protein molecules that speed chemical reactions, not changed during reactions
21
Q

chemical breakdown

A
  • enzymes (proteins) catalyze reactions, end in ase - ex lipase
  • hydrolysis: if water used to break molecule
22
Q

esophageal sphincter

A
  • prevents reflux of stomach content that causes heartburn

- gerd and ulcers

23
Q

sphincter of oddi

A
  • controls amount of bile and pancreatic secretions into small intestine
24
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A
  • prevents large intestine content from backing up into small intestine
25
Q

intrinsic factor

A
  • if a protein that binds ingested vitamin b12; it enables b12 to be absorbed by the intestine
  • produced by parietal cells
26
Q

without intrinsic factor

A
  • allows b12 to be absorbed in ileum
  • vitb12 needed to produce red blood cells
  • can cause pernicious anemia: wekaness, cns damage, psychological disorders
27
Q

age and b12

A
  • absorption decreases with age
28
Q

antacids and b12

A
  • not enough stomach acid may inhibit b12 absorption
29
Q

gi tract role in immune function

A
  • protects body from infection

- limits absorption of toxins and pathogens

30
Q

microbiota

A
  • 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells in each person

- mostly bacteria in gut

31
Q

small intestine absroption

A
  • folds, villi, microvilli expand absorptive surface

- most nutrients absorbed hiere

32
Q

digestion of fat in small intestine

A
  • primary site of fat digestion
  • cck released from duodenal cells stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic lipase
  • cck also stimluates the relase of bile
  • bile helps emulsify fat, which increases surface area of food to aid action of lipase
  • pancreatic cplipase is relased to facilitate lipase action
  • fat is broken into monoglycerides and fatty acids
  • lecithin from gall bladder ans protien colipase (aids lipases attachment to lipid)
33
Q

absorptive mechanisms

A
  • passive diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • active transport
34
Q

metabolic pathways

A
  • series of reactions to transform food into final product that can be used by body
35
Q

catabolic reactions

A
  • release energy trapped in chemical bonds

- energy converted to atp

36
Q

alternate feeding methods

A
  • enteral or tube feeding: nutrition enters gut

- TPN: total perenteral nutrition, doesnt enter gut, ex. by blood stream

37
Q

probiotics

A
  • bacteria or yeast
  • aid digestion
  • alive
38
Q

prebiotics

A
  • form of fiber

- from food

39
Q

diverticulosis

A
  • pouches along colon
  • high fiber diet reduces formation
  • western diet affliction
40
Q

GERD

A
  • gastro-esophageal reflux disease
  • reduced by smaller meals, less fat
  • use of strong antiacids linked to hip fracture
41
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A
  • can result in malabsorption of nutrients
  • early diagnosis can result in no long term problems
  • fodmap diet effective
42
Q

colorectal cancer

A
  • need high intake of vegetables, fruit, folate, ca, vitd
43
Q

gas

A
  • smell due to sulfur

- not bad

44
Q

peptic ulcers

A
  • bacterial cause

- h pylori secretes protective enzyme to survive in stomach

45
Q

functional dyspepsia

A
  • chronic pain in upper abdomen for unknown reason

- once cause known its no longer functional dyspepsia

46
Q

chron’s disease

A
  • causes inflammation on lining of digestive tract

- can lead to abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss, malnutrition, death

47
Q

ulcerative colitis

A
  • causes inflammation of lining of large intestines only

- innermost lining of colon

48
Q

effects of chromic digestive disorders

A
  • failure to absorb nutrients: osteoperosis, nutritional deificiencies, eventual acute illness, can cause death
    choldren: failure to grow, compromised immune systems, deficiencies more pronounced during growth
49
Q

cholecystitis

A
  • inflammation of gall bladder
  • cuaes: blockage of cystic duct by gallstones. high fat, low fiber diet
  • prevention: slowly lose weight (1-2lbs/week), diet high in fruit, veg, whole grains

Nutrition (13 decks)

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