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Nutrition > Chapter 11 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 12 Flashcards

1
Q

classifying minerals

A
  • essential
  • need small amounts
  • major and trace minerals
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2
Q

understanding minerls

A
  • inorganic (no c)
  • involved in body structure and regulation
    found in plant and animal foods
  • not destroyed by extreme conditions
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3
Q

calcium - bone

A
  • synthesis and maintemance
  • constant turnover (bone formation and resorption)
  • storage place for calcium
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4
Q

importance of calcium and vit d

A
  • prevent osteoporosis

- youth and adolescent intake is critical

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5
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • bones break with low energy
  • poor bone density and structure
  • due to lack of bone accrual during growth or bone loss with age or meds
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6
Q

nutrients that benefit bone health

A
  • calcium - hydroxyapatite formation
  • vitamin d - preserves Ca
  • protein - important for strong collagen
  • magnesium and vit K
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7
Q

calcium functions

A
  • bone structure
  • blood clotting
  • nerve impulse transmission
  • muscle contraction
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8
Q

calcium regulations

A
  • homeostatic control in blood

- hypocalcemia results in raiding bone for Ca

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9
Q

regulation of blood calcium

A
  • high blood calcium: thyroid gland –> calcitonin –> inhibits calcium release from bone –> normal
  • low blood calcium: parathyroid gland –> parathyroid hormone –> stimulates calcium release by bone, calcium reabsorbed by kidney, activates vit d –> increases intestinal calcium absorption –> normal
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10
Q

calcium dri

A
  • adolescent: 1300mg
  • adults <50: 1000mg
  • adults >51: 1200mg
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11
Q

fractional ca absorption

A
  • inversely proportional to Ca status

- if you have good Ca you will absorb less

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12
Q

factors that increase risk of low bone strength

A
  • high sodium intake
  • phytate (interferes w absorption)
  • oxalate (interferes with absorption)
  • fluoride
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13
Q

food sources of calcium

A
  • milk and dairy
  • fortified foods
  • fish bones
  • green veg
  • tofu
  • supplements
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14
Q

calcium requirements are controversial

A
  • is loading through exercise more important
  • does harm occur if a growing teen consumes less than 1300mg per day
  • if youre loading your bones is a low Ca diet ok
  • high impact moves good
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15
Q

magnesium

A
  • part of reactions: cardiac function, enegy metabolism
  • stored in bone
  • 50% consumed absorbed
  • high in plant based foods
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16
Q

magnesium deficiency

A
  • causes: intake, dieting, high meat low veg
  • malabsorption
  • excessive excretion
  • hard to detect bc mg is in bone
  • method of detection: serum magnesium
  • low serium levels have little correlation with total mg levels
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17
Q

iron

A
  • oxygen transport: heme part of hemoglobin and myogloin
  • cofactor for enzymes
  • needed for normal brain
  • needed for immune function
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18
Q

iron food sources

A
  • red meat
  • liver
  • seafood
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19
Q

iron deficiency

A
  • causes anemia; fatigue
  • babies: milk low in Fe
  • blood loss, parasites, poor absorption, low intake
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20
Q

iron absorption

A
  • absorb 1-50%
  • usually absorb 5-15%
  • absrob more with vitc and less with Ca
  • aging: stomach acid decreases so need more fe
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21
Q

iron toxicity

A
  • children: due to poisoning

- adults: hemochromatosis - hereditary, liver disease, blood letting reduces toxic fe

22
Q

iron deficency and dental caries

A
  • iron supplements reduce dental caries in rats
  • fe deficiency: saliva promotes colonization of s mutans
  • low serum iron in kids with high early childhood dental caries
23
Q

zinc functions

A
  • cofactor for enzymes
  • gene regulation
  • immune health
24
Q

zinc food sources

A
  • red meats, seafood
25
Q

zinc deficiency

A
  • poor growth, delayed development, infections, skin lesions
26
Q

zinc toxicity

A
  • can cause copper deficiency
  • competitive with some other divalent cations
  • high amounts tolerated
27
Q

zinc veg

A
  • vegetarians need 50% more
28
Q

zinc rda, ul, toxicity

A

men: 11mg, women: 8mg
- ul: 40mg
- toxicity: 2000-4000mg

29
Q

zinc needed for

A
  • wound healing
  • taste
  • vitamin a metabolism
30
Q

selenium absorption

A
  • enhanced by vitamin a, c, e

- absorption decreased by phytate

31
Q

selenium deficiency

A
  • results in increased susceptibilyt to some infections

- musclular discomfort and weakness

32
Q

selenium toxicity

A
  • brittle hair and nails, fatigue
  • ul: 400g
  • may develop keshan disease
33
Q

selenium functions

A
  • part of antioxidant enzyme
  • works with vit e
  • important in thyroid metabolism, immune function
34
Q

se food sources

A
  • brazil nuts, oysters, organs, fish, seafood, grains
35
Q

selenium supplement

A
  • se and vit e taken together
  • early testing: se supplements increased risk of prostate cancer
  • vit e was factor that most increased risk of prostate cancer, se had no portestive effect
  • no correlation wiht se and cancer
36
Q

iodine funcitons

A
  • thyroid hormone production
  • temp regulation
  • regulation of metabolic rate
37
Q

iodine food sources

A
  • saltwater seafood
  • iodized salt, dairy products
  • seaweed
  • i containing disinfectants
38
Q

goitrogens

A
  • substances that interfere with iodine uptake in thyroid gland
  • decreased production of thyroid hormones
  • cmmunicates to pituatry to release thyroid stimulating hormine
  • leads to goiter
  • cabbage, brussle sprouts, turips, radishes, kale etc
39
Q

low iodine

A
  • low metabolic rate, fatigue, weight gain
  • goiter, enlargement of thyroid hormone
  • maternal deficiency can result in cretinism - mental retardation
40
Q

iodine excess and rda

A
  • goiter
  • rda: 150 ug for adults, 220 during pregnancy, 290 for breastfeeding women
  • ul: 1100
41
Q

copper functions

A
  • melanin, collagen, elastin production
  • immune function
  • antioxidant enzyme systems
  • iron metabolism
42
Q

copper foo sources

A
  • beef liver, shellfish, nuts, legumes
43
Q

coper deficiency or toxicity

A
  • uncommon
44
Q

fluoride functions

A
  • tooth structure, decreases dental caries

- makes bones more dense but not stronger

45
Q

fluoride food sources

A
  • fluoridated water
46
Q

fluoride excess

A
  • can cause fluorosis: discolouration of teeth, kidney disorder
47
Q

chromium functions

A
  • glucose metabolism
48
Q

chromium foo sources

A
  • mushrooms, chocolate, nuts, whole grains, asparagus, prunes
49
Q

chromium deficnecy and toxicity

A
  • deficiency: long term parenteral feeding

toxicity: airporne sources

50
Q

toxic minerals: arsenic

A
  • causes cancer
  • water sources common in canada - high on south shore
  • food sourceS: high levels in rice and seaweed
51
Q

toxic minerals: cadmium

A
  • mostly food sources
  • induces apoptosis in human osteoblast
  • avoid kidney and liver from moose
52
Q

toxic minerals: lead

A
  • often airborne sources

- high in canadian drinking water

Nutrition (13 decks)

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