chapter 10

Question 1

water functions

Answer 1

• lubricant and cleanser
• spinal fluid protects against shock
• regulates body temp

Question 2

what regulates ph in blood plasma

Answer 2

• co2, electrolyte concentrations, total weak acid concentrations

Question 3

exercise induced metabolic acidosis

Answer 3

• ATP used rapidly, adp, p and H+ produced
• H+ acidifies muscle cells, buffered by lactate
• alkaline ingestion helps buffer against acidosis

Question 4

intracellular fluid

Answer 4

• inside cells
• 2/3 of body water
• lowest in NA and Cl, highest in K and protein

Question 5

extracellular fluid

Answer 5

• outside ells
• highest in Na and Cl
• lowest in K
• protein between intracellular and interstitial levels

Question 6

interstitial fluid

Answer 6

• lymph, blood plasma, extracellular fluid

- lowest concentration of protein

Question 7

thirst machanism

Answer 7

• blood volume decreases, secretes saliva and stimulates thirst centre
• get thirsty and drink

Question 8

antidiuretic hormone assists in fluid intake

Answer 8

• released when dehydrated, molarity increases
• acts on kidneys
• results in: more H2O resorbed in kidneys

Question 9

electrolytes

Answer 9

• Na, Cl, K

- important for life and affects distribution of water

Question 10

sodium DRI

Answer 10

• UL: 2300mg

- above can cause hypertension, cancer, athesma, osteoporosis

Question 11

canadian Na intake

Answer 11

• average adult consumes 3400mg Na

Question 12

hypertension

Answer 12

• almost 18% of canadians 12 and over have high bp

- 140/90 mm or greater

Question 13

blood pressure

Answer 13

• systolic bp: when heart beats
• diastolic: when heart at rest
• normal bp: 120/80 mmhg

Question 14

hypotension

Answer 14

• 90/60

Question 15

salt sensitive

Answer 15

• higher blood pressure rise with greater NA intake

- influenced by nutiritonal status

Question 16

hypertension and diet

Answer 16

• less Na in diet, lower the BP
• average Na intake: 3400 mg
• reduction in NA will reduce bp

Question 17

potassium intake of canadians

Answer 17

• recommended: 4700mg
• average canadian: 2500-3500
• fruit and veg best sources

Question 18

fluid balance during exercise

Answer 18

• dehydration can affect performance and be a threat to health
• drink early and often
• consume cold beverages
• be aware of overhydration

Question 19

sports drinks

Answer 19

• enhance water absorption and replace lost electrolytes
• not needed if ecercising < 1hr
• 1.25 per gk wt lost
• helps to replace Na and K

Question 20

hyponatremia

Answer 20

• abnormally low blood sodium level
• also in athletes who consume too much water
• can also result from prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, sweating

Question 21

absorption and excretion of alcohol

Answer 21

• absorbed by simple diffusion along gi tract
• 20% absorbed in stomach
• 90% of alcohol is metabolized by liver, 5% is excreted into urine and remainder eliminated by lungs

Question 22

pathways of alcohol metabolism

Answer 22

• cytosol alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) for breaking down small amounts of alcohol
• microsomoal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) important for breaking down large amounts of alcohol
• alochol metabolized by colon bacterial DH to yield acetaldehyde - toxic

Question 23

adverse effects of alcohol consumption

Answer 23

• alcohol poisoning
• binge drinking
• blackout drinking
• interference with organ funciton
• interferes with nutritional status

Question 24

physiological impact of alcohol metabolism

Answer 24

• sex difference: women have a lower activity of stomach adh and less body water
• products of alcohol metabolism by adh promote fat synthesis
• reactive oxygen molecules are generated in meos pathway

Question 25

acute effects of alcohol consumption

Answer 25

• when alcohol intake exceeds ability of liver to break it down, alcohol intoxication or poisoning can occur
• circulation of alcohol affects CNS, breathing and heart ratte

Question 26

long term alcohol use

Answer 26

• causes malnutrition

- generates toxins and free radicals that cause liver damage, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, increased cancer risk

Question 27

moderate drinking

Answer 27

• can have benefits

- not more than 1 per day for women or 2 per day for men