Chapter 3

Question 1

synaptogenesis

Answer 1

the forming of connections between neurons at the synapses (this is responsible for all actions, perceptions, and thoughts)

Question 2

myelination

Answer 2

formation of the fatty layer that encases the axon of a neuron (speeds up the transmission of neural impulses)

Question 3

pruning

Answer 3

the shedding of neurons after a period of large growth

Question 4

plasticity

Answer 4

the malleable nature of out brains (most malleable during infancy and childhood)

Question 5

reflex

Answer 5

a response or action that is automatic (didn’t have to think about it)

Question 6

rooting reflex

Answer 6

when something touches the newborns cheek it turns its head that direction and begins to suck

Question 7

sucking reflex

Answer 7

newborns begin to suck whenever something enters their mouth (this is crucial because if they had to learn to suck they would starve)

Question 8

grasping reflex

Answer 8

the automatic motion of vigorously grasping whatever touches their palm

Question 9

SIDS and its correlational contributors

Answer 9

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
No known CAUSE
Correlational relationships with:
lack of prenatal care, smoking, drugs/ETOH, teen mother, low birthweight, warm room sleeping, being around 2nd hand smoke

Question 10

Back to Sleep Campaign

Answer 10

from 1992-1997 saw a reduction in SIDS deaths by 43%

Question 11

Cephalocaudal growth

Answer 11

head to tail (crawl, sit, walk)

Question 12

Proximodistal growth

Answer 12

near to far (grasp, swat, hold objects on own)

Question 13

Piaget believes that children acquire knowledge through…

Answer 13

(motor activities) by exploring the world through our senses

Question 14

schema

Answer 14

a specific grouping of belief

Question 15

assimilation

Answer 15

fit the outer world to what you are capable of doing

Question 16

accommodation

Answer 16

mentally adjusting and getting to a higher understanding of life

Question 17

Piaget’s stages of development

Answer 17

1. Sensorimotor (0-2yrs)- pins down physical reality and develops language
2. Preoperations (2-7yrs)- “what they see is what is real”
3. Concrete operations (8-12yrs)- thinking more like little adults
4. Formal operations (12+yrs)- full human cognition has been reached, scientific thought develops

Question 18

6 substages of the Sensorimotor stage

Answer 18

1. simple reflexes (0-1mo)
2. primary circular reactions (1-4mo)- their body only
3. secondary circular reactions (4-8mo)- external forces
4. coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12mo)- 2or more actions together
5. tertiary circular reactions (12-18mo)- “little scientist phase”
6. mental combinations (18-24mo)- deferred imitation, words and symbols

Question 19

Criticism of Piaget’s theory

Answer 19

1. ages are too narrow
2. “stages” give wrong impression of development
3. motor activity isn’t required for development as disabled children learn without such movement
4. timing of stages differs for children in other cultures

Question 20

Phases of Language Development

Answer 20

2-4mo Cooing= oooo or aaaa
5-11mo Babbling= bababa or dadada
12-18mo Holophrases or one word sentences = Ja for juice Da for down
18mo-2yrs Telegraphic speech = two word combinations Me Juice for I want juice