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History Sec 4 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Cold War? How long did it last? /2

A

A political and ideological stand off/feud between the USA and the USSR (Soviet Union )

From 1946-1990

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2
Q

What disagreement did the USA and USSR share? /2

CAUSE

A

Both believe their model of society is best

Capitalist vs. Communist

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3
Q

How did the USA and the USSR fight each other? /2

A

NOT DIRECTLY: no physical war against each other

Fought through proxy wared

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4
Q

What are proxy wars? /2

EFFECT

A

Wars where the USA and USSR support a side that represents their world view (model of society).

Supported by giving economic and military strength

Ex. Vietnam War, Korean War

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5
Q

What was the purpose of the Cold War?

CAUSE

A

Both the USA and the USSR trying to impose their influence/control on the world

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6
Q

How did the Cold War impact Canada?

EFFECT

A

Québec iron was in high demand

Increase in exports

Why?

  • To build military weapons and nuclear weapons for the USA
  • To reconstruct European cities that were demolished due to WWII
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7
Q

What are the consequences in Québec due to the Cold War? /5

CONSEQUENCE

A

New cities are built

New railway built to Gagnon

American investment in Canada increases

Increased exploitation of Canadians natural resources (ores & metals)

Development of regions:

  • Côte-Nord
  • Nouveau Québec
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8
Q

What is Keynesian economics?

A

Federal government intervention in a country’s economic affairs

Since 1930s = Great Depression

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9
Q

How does Federal government intervention increase in the economy?

EFFECT

A

The Canadian government passed a legislation that only the federal government can collect/levy income tax

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10
Q

Why does federal government intervention increase in the economy?

CAUSE

A

He federal government needs to pay for war effort

I.e War effort = Victory Bonds

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11
Q

What consequences come from the economic intervention of the federal government? /2

A

Due to the legislation imposed that only the federal government can collect income tax…

Certain provinces do not support the legislation because it threatens their jurisdiction

Takes away the power the provinces were guaranteed under the BNA Act in 1867

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12
Q

What is a jurisdiction? /2

A

Official power to make legal decisions and judgments

Power/authority over an area

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13
Q

What did the government give to those who agreed to their new legislation of income tax? /2

A

The provinces that agreed received subsidies

Shared the costs (income tax collected) with the federal government

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14
Q

What are subsidies?

A

A sum of money granted by the government

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15
Q

Who is Maurice Duplessis? /10

A

The premier of Quebec between 1936-1939 and 1944-1959

La Grande Noiceur

Head of the Union Nationale Party

A conservative and traditionalist

CLERICALISM

Strongly ANTI-UNION

Introduced the Rural electrification program

Refused subsidies from the federal government

Had a close relationship with the church

Supported decentralization

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16
Q

What did Duplessis do to increase Quebec’s autonomy? /4

IMPORTANT

A

Introduced the fleurdelisé

Re-introduced provincial income tax in 1954

Rejected federal government involvement (jurisdiction)

Rejected federal subsidies to Québec universities

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17
Q

What was economic development under Duplessis rule as premier? /2

A

Based off economic liberalism

American businesses taking over Quebec’s economy

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18
Q

What is economic liberalism? /4

A

Economic theory that defends liberal practices (free trade)

Little government intervention in the economy

Private owners drive economic development

Freedom of action for business people

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19
Q

What is the relationship between Duplessis and American businesses? /2

A

Duplessis exploited American businesses by
charging them access to Quebec’s resources

Attracted American businesses with low fees and taxes on mining resources

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20
Q

What was Duplessis hoping to gain from giving American businesses access to Québec? /2

A

Quebec’s economy would benefit from the high demand for raw materials

Create more jobs

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21
Q

Why did Duplessis modernize agriculture? /4

A

He was a conservative and traditionalist

Concerned about Quebec’s rural economy and population

Believed the Province should be able to depend on its agricultural sector for this development

Placed importance on rural life

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22
Q

How did Duplessis modernize agriculture in Québec? What effect did it have? /2(4)

A

His government adopted the ACT TO PROMOTE RURAL ELECTRIFICATION

Over 90% of farms had electricity in 1959
|-> farms with electricity produced more
|-> less labour is required

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23
Q

What is clericalism?

IMPORTANT

A

An ideology that supports the involvement of the clergy in politics

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24
Q

How was education under Duplessis rule as premier? /3

A

Duplessis built the schools, BUT..
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH RAN THE SCHOOLS

Schools were run with the help of government subsidies

Most schools only had one classroom composed of children from 5-18 y/o

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25
Q

Why did the Union Nationale and the Catholic Church have a supportive relationship?

A

Both are:
Conservative
Traditionalists

The Union Nationals party favoured clericalism

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26
Q

What issues came with the church teaching education? /4(5)

A

Has issues teaching due to small staff and shortage in financial resources

Children were not being taught proper education (math & science)
|-> only being taught what was needed (cleaning, making meals, making clothes, farming)

Educational services were lacking by the late 1950s

Schooling among Francophones was lower than that of Anglophones

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27
Q

How was healthcare under Duplessis rule and premier? /4

A

Duplessis built hospitals, BUT…
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH RAN THE HOSPITALS

Hospitals were run/built with the help of government subsidies

A health insurance program was never established

Not everyone has access to health care since it was unaffordable

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28
Q

What institution oversaw most of Quebec’s education and health services under Duplessis rule as premier?

A

The Catholic Church

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29
Q

According to Duplessis, who should be primarily responsible for the province’s industrial development?

A

Rural populations

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30
Q

What Québec regions benefited the most from American investment in the exploitation of natural resources? /2

A

Côté-Nord

Nouveau Québec

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31
Q

What economic sector were Duplessis measures designed to modernize?

A

Agriculture

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32
Q

Which interest group had conflicting relations with Duplessis’ government

A

UNIONS

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33
Q

Why was there opposition between unions and Duplessis’ government?

A

Duplessis was notoriously ANTI-UNION

Ex. Asbestos Strike, Murdochville, Padlock Act of 1937

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34
Q

Who else opposed Duplessis ‘ government? Why? /2

A

Many artists and intellectuals

They supported secularism

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35
Q

What is secularism? /2

A

An ideology based on the separation of church and federal government

The authority of the church is limited to the religious sphere

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36
Q

What is the Refus Global? /2

A

Publicly protest against social conservatism of the Duplessis government and a Catholic Church

A public declaration written by artists that oppose the church’s control over the Province

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37
Q

What is the birth rate increase after WWII called?

Post WWII demographics

A

The baby boom (1946-1960)

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38
Q

What consequences emerged in the 1950-1960s due to the Baby boom? /4

A

Cities become overcrowded

Urban sprawl occurs

Young families need more space

People move to the suburbs

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39
Q

What is the Baby Boom?

A

Dramatic and rapid increase in the birth rate

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40
Q

What province joined the Canadian confederation in 1949?

A

Newfoundland and Labrador

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41
Q

What is urban sprawl?

A

the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas.

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42
Q

What continuity can you identify regarding the emerging of consumption?

IMPORTANT

A

Consumption emerges during post-wars

Ex. WWI= Roaring 20s, WWII= consumer society

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43
Q

What led to mass consumption in the late 1940s? /6

A

Wages increased

Influence of American society

Many goods became affordable

Growing variety of goods became available

Development of leisure society

Rapid increase in advertising (American influence)

44
Q

What are the consequences of the consumer society? /7

A

Mass consumption emerges

People working decreases

Time devoted to leisure increases

People had the ability to purchase most of the goods they needed

Credit became more accessible

Advertising became popular

Exposed to American culture

45
Q

How did advertising play a role in mass consumption?

Relationship between advertising and consumer society

A

By encouraging consumers to buy products further increasing consumption

46
Q

Identify the continuity regarding immigration to Canada between WWII and WWII? /2

A

Discrimination between blacks, asians and LGBT immigrants persists

Canada’s immigration Act of 1952 still favours immigrants from Western Europe and the USA

47
Q

Why did immigration to Canada increase after 1945?

A

Due to the demolition of European cities caused by WWII

48
Q

Who did Canada’s immigration act discriminate in 1952? /3

A

Mental disabilities

Physical disabilities

Homosexuals

49
Q

What is the Quiet Revolution? /15

A

1960-1970

Jean Lesage is premier

Affirm Québécois identity

Predominance of the French language

Economic nationalism

UNIONS

SECULARISM

People start calling themselves Québécois

State intervention increases

Working conditions improve

Introduction of birth control pills

Main immigration wave

Expo 67’

Retaking control of the province’s economy from American businesses

Welfare state

50
Q

Who is Jean Lesage? /3

A

Premier of Quebec between 1960-1966

Wanted to modernize Québec FURTHER

Increases state intervention

51
Q

What is welfare state? /2

A

A state that intervened socially and Econ

Objective of improving the well-being of the entire population

52
Q

What is welfare?

A

Money given to someone to meet their basic needs

53
Q

What is anti-welfare?

A

Social benefits given by the government, BUT…

HIGH TAXES pay for those benefits

54
Q

Identify a change regarding education and healthcare between La Grande Noirceur and the Quiet Revolution? /2

A

The federal government takes over education and healthcare from the Catholic Church

The Catholic church’s influence in the government decreases

55
Q

How was education under Jean Lesage’s rule as premier? /9

A

Parent Commission established to study education in Quebec

Math and Science are now taught in school

Free public education for all children regardless of social class

CEGEPS are introduced in 1967

SECULARIZATION of education

Comprehensive high school are stablished

Co-education to promote girls’ education

Department of Education created in 1964

Children must attend school until the age of 15 y/o, then they can drop out

56
Q

What is secularization?

A

The process of removing religious influence from institutions

57
Q

What role did the Lesage government wan the state to play?

A

Education

Healthcare

58
Q

What was the consequences of the Lesage government’s secularization of social services?

A

The church’s influence in the government decreases

59
Q

What important measure did Lesage’s government implement in 1964 to modernize the Quebec education system?

A

Department of Education

60
Q

How was healthcare under Jean Lesage’s rule as premier? /3

A

Wanted health care to be more accessible to all citizens

Set up a hospital insurance program in 1961

Administered board doctors

61
Q

What is the hospital insurance program in 1961?

A

Québec ère can be hospitalized at no cost

62
Q

What is the pension plan of the Quiet Revolution? /4(6)

A

Collect a percentage of the wages of all workers
|-> contribute to their pension while working

Upon retirement, the pension gains value over the years

State pension cheque’s every month
|-> when you die, you lose your pension

Manage pension money using the Caisse de Dépôt et de Placement du Québec (CDPQ)

63
Q

What is economic nationalism? /2

A

ideology that favors state interventionism over other market mechanisms

State becomes the driving force of economic development

64
Q

How does economic nationalism affect Quebec? /6

A

State wants control of exploitation of Quebec’s natural resources

Hydroelectricity becomes government owned

State founds Crown corporations

Hydroelectricity is nationalized in 1962

Encourages Francophone entrepreneurs and investors to play a more active role in the business world

The construction of the metro!

65
Q

Why was Hydroelectricity nationalized? /2

A

To ensure a more reliable supply of electricity to remote regions

Maximize profits from the production of electricity

66
Q

What are the consequences from nationalizing hydroelectricity?

A

Québec government undertook the construction of a number of large dams to harness the potential of hydroelectricity

67
Q

What are foreign relations?

A

Relations with foreign countries

68
Q

Why was foreign relations established in the 1960s? /2

A

The Québec government placed greater importance on its relations with foreign countries.

Established relations with Francophone countries in order to increase the number of Francophone immigrants to Québec

69
Q

How did modernization increase in the state? /3

A

Many civil servants were hired in government departments and crown corporations to provide public services

Hiring of academics and professionals to the standard of quality in civil services

New labour code adopted in 1964

70
Q

What is the New Labour Code of 1964?

A

Allows civil servants the right to unionize

71
Q

When were CEGEPS first opened?

A

In 1967

72
Q

What are the consequences of the Quiet Revolution? /4

A

A more education population

Unionization rage among state employees increases immensely

Increase involvement of Francophones in businesses

Greater openness to the world

73
Q

How was the population more educated? /2

A

Increased schooling, particularly among Francophones

More pronounced education for women

74
Q

How has the involvement of Francophones in business increase? /2

A

The creation of many small/medium-sized enterprises

Led by Francophones entrepreneurs

75
Q

How did Québec have a greater openness to the world? /2

A

Quebecers traveled abroad more often

EXPO 67’

76
Q

What is Expo 67’? /3

A

A world fair

Allowed Quebecers a chance to discover the culture and identity of many countries

Allowed foreigners to discover Québec and Canada

77
Q

What is Québec neo-nationalism? /3

A

Stronger than traditional nationalism

Majority of Quebec Francophones shared a stronger sense of belonging to the Quebec territory.

Redefined identity by calling themselves “Quebecois” instead of French Canadian

78
Q

What are consequences from the rise of Québec neo-nationalism? /2

A

Some quebecois believed Québec should separate from Canada

The rise of a sovereignist movement in Québec

The birth of 2 new political parties:
FLQ
Parti Quebecois

79
Q

What is the Parti Quebecois? /3

A

Founded by René Lévesque

One of the first separatist groups

Supported Québec becoming a sovereignty country

80
Q

What is the FLQ? /5

A

One of the first separatists groups

Supported Québec becoming a sovereignty country

Stands for Front de Liberation du Québec

Cause of the October Crisis 1970

Terrorist group

81
Q

What is the October Crisis? /6

A

FLQ kidnappes James Cross and Pierre Laporte

FLQ uses violence (kidnapping, bombing, etc) to gain power

FLQ manifesto (list of demands) references the War of 1837-1838 = Patriote=Rebellions

Pierre Trudeau invokes the war measure act

In the end, the kidnappers are arrested and the FLQ loses the election

Laporte is found dead

82
Q

What is the war measures act? /3

A

Invoked by Pierre Trudeau during the October Crisis in 1970

Allows the army/police to arrest and search people,without a warrant

Close to 250 people are arrested

83
Q

What did the FLQ and the Parti Quebecois disagree on? /3

A

Disagree on how one is to gain power

FLQ: violence

Parti Québécois: democracy & politics

84
Q

What is Bill 101? /2

A

Designed by the Parti Quebecois in 1977

Designed to protect and promote the use of the French language

85
Q

Why was Bill 101 created? /2

A

Immigrants are coming to Canada

Immigrants are choosing English schools fro their children

86
Q

Did anyone expect the Parti Quebecois to win the 1976 election?

A

NOPE.

87
Q

What is the relationship between the state and Québec?

A

The federal government is worried about growing nationalism (Québec neo-nationalism) in Québec

88
Q

What is the cause and effect of the relationship between Ottawa and Québec? /2(3)

A

Cause:
Determined inequalities between Anglophone and Francophones
(Reported by the Commission)

Affect:
Prime Minister Trudeau passes the Official Languages Act
|-> makes English and French two official languages in Canada (1969)

89
Q

Why does birth rate fall in the early 1960s? /3(4)

A

The Catholic Church’s influence decreasing

Women are carrying out their education and their careers
|->able to carry out transactions

Birth control pills are introduced

90
Q

What is the consequence of the falling birth rate in the early 1960s?

A

Child-bearing years decrease

91
Q

What is the Act on Legal Status of Women in 1964? /3

A

Gives women legal status

Women can sign legal documents WITHOUT their husbands

WOMEN INDEPENDANCE INCREASES!!!

92
Q

What is the cause and effect of feminist demands in the 1970s? /2(5)

A

Cause:
Women still face many injustices regarding the same rights as men (reported by the Royal Commission)

Effect:

  • Pay equity (equal pay for the same amount of work)
  • Right/access to abortion
  • Maternity leave
  • Child servies (daycare)
93
Q

Identify a change in the presence fo women in the workforce acte the 1950s?

A

Women’s participation in the workforce increases

94
Q

Who is Robert Bourassa? /6

A

Leader of the Parti Libéral

Premier of Québec from 1970-1976

Imposed the Health insurance act

CLSC

Charter of Human rights and Freedoms

Ore hydroelectricity development

95
Q

What is the Health Insurance Act of 1970? /3

A

All Quebecers can now access medical services

CLSC

Medicare card is introduced

96
Q

How is labour under Bourassa’s rule as premier? /6

A

Unions take more social and political action

Strikes are common in public sectors

Common Front (1972)- employees are ordered back to work

Workers demand fairer distribution of wealth and equality

Government workers can now unionize

Can not try to unionize the government

97
Q

Indicate a change between immigration policies between Lévesque time as premier and that of Duplessis? /2

A

Immigration applications are now MERIT-BASED

Immigration policy is no longer racist/as discriminatory

98
Q

What does merit-based mean? /6

A

Language

Work experience

Éducation

Family/ Dependence

Skills

Âge

99
Q

What are corruption reforms? How? /4(6)

A

A continuity

Using their power to benefit themselves through the use of others

How? (Patronage)

  1. Money from a company given to a political party
  2. That party wins the elections
  3. The party returns the favour and gives special treatment to the company (I.e contracts)

Ends in 1977

100
Q

What is the Pacific Scandal? /2

A

John A. MacDonald asks for extra cash (bribed) from a construction company

John A. MacDonald loses the following election

101
Q

What are anti-corruption reforms? /4

A

A change

Lévesque introduces a bill that limits donations to parties

Companies can no longer donate to a political party

Individuals can only donate (max. $3000)

102
Q

How was agriculture under Lévesque’s rule in the 1970s? /4

A

Growing outcry due to urban sprawl

Increase of urban sprawl in the Saint-Laurent lowlands (problem)

Decrease of farm land in the Saint-Laurent lowlands (problem)

The Act of Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural land is established (solution)

103
Q

What is the Saint-Laurent lowlands? /2

A

Most fertile lands in Québec

Where most cities are found

104
Q

How did labour CHANGE under Lévesque’s rule as premier in the 1970s? /3

A

Unions tend to support Parti Quebecois

Rand formula is adopted in 1977

Act Respecting Labour Standards adopted in 1980

105
Q

What is the Rand Formula pf 1977?

A

Employers are required to collect sums paid by union members from employee wages and give them to the union.

106
Q

What is the Act Respecting Labour Standards of 1980? /2

A

Established rules and conditions ALL EMPLOYERS MUST RESPECT

Maternity leave is introduced

History Sec 4 (4 decks)

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