Chapter 2: Nationalism & Autonomy Flashcards
What was the political disagreement between the French Canadians and the English Canadians near the end of the 19th century? Identify their reasons. /3(6)
They did nothing t agree on the policies the federal government should adopt with regards to the British empire
French:
Want to sever ties with the British Empire
No longer want to support the UK
English:
Want to continue supporting the British empire
Proud to be part of the British empire by being culturally and historically bound to them
Believed Canada should take part in the British empire’s expansion throughout the world
What thought leads to the results in the idea of French Canadian nationalism?
CAUSE
French Canadians did not share the same sense of belonging to the British empire that many English Canadians felt
Who are imperialists? /3
A person who supports the political, cultural, economic or military domination of one state over another
(British empire over its colonies)
Many English Canadians are imperialists
Imposing an empire’s culture, values, and political institutions on the regions they take over
What is French Canadian nationalism in the 20th century? /7
Questioning the political ties that bound Canada to the British empire
Were demanding that Canada have greater autonomy
Against Canada’s involvement in Britain’s wars
Defend the language rights and religious rights of French Canadian Catholics
Want to keep their distance from the British empire
Henri-Bourassa is a French Canadian Nationalist
Argued that Canada had its own identity
Who is Wilfred Laurier? /4
“An autonomous Canada within the British Canada”
Prime minister 1896-1911
Believe the French Canadian nationalists and English imperialists should focus on what they have in common in order to encourage Canadian unity
Wants to develop Canada
Wants Canada to maintain ties with Britain BUT ALSO wants to promote its au I’m y and independence
How can Wilfred Laurier’s position on Canada’s involvement in the Empire’s wars be associated with his policy of compromise?
Canada’s population as a whole should be able to decide whether or not they will support Britain in military conflicts (wars)
Who are Boers? /2
Descendants of primarily of Dutch colonists who settled in South Africa
Referred today as Afrikaners who make up the majority of South Africa
What is the Boer War 1899? /2
British empire wanted to annex the territories occupied by the Boers which contained large gold deposits
British government called Canada for military support
What effect did Britain calling to Canada for support during the Boer War have on the tension between imperialists and French Canadian nationalists? /5
Spurred up heated debates that increase the tension
French Canadian nationalists opposed Canada’s involvement in the Boer war
French Canadian nationalists and French Canadians felt that the Boer War did not concern Canada
English imperialists supported Canada’s involvement in the Boer War
English imperialists wanted to help Britain by sending troops/soldiers as support
What are conscriptions?
Compulsory/mandatory enlistment in the army
What compromise did Laurier’s government make concerning Canada’s involvement in the Boer War 1899? /3
Refused to impose conscriptions
Only volunteers, many were imperialists, were sent to South Africa to support Britain in the Boer War
About 7000 soldiers volunteered
Identify the cause of creating the first Canadian navy.
/3
A military rivalry emerged between Britain and Germany
Both countries want to prove their power/dominance through the growth of their military strength (number of military support/weapons)
For this rivalry, Britain put a financial role on Canada by asking the Dominion money to fund Britain’s military and navy
What compromise did Laurier’s government make concerning funding Britain’s navy and military? What issues did this compromise face? /2
Canada would establish their own military support and navy which will be available to help Britain in conflicts
Both English imperialists and French Canadian nationalists opposed the creation of the Canadian navy
Why did English imperialists and French Canadian nationalists oppose the creation of the Canadian navy? /2
Imperialists:
Canada should provide direct financial assistance to the United Kingdom
Nationalists:
Worried that creating the navy would result in Canada’s involvement in all of the British Empire’s wars (remember the main demand of French Canadian nationalists)
What consequence came from creating the Canadian navy? /4
It was TOO SMALL
Would not be able to protect Canada from foreign attacks
Would not be able to support Britain
Laurier loses in the following election
How did Laurier’s government further stimulate economic growth in the early 20th century?
Continued to pursue the Macdonald government’s immigration policy
Increased the methods of promoting:
Publishing brochures
Printing posters in several languages
OFFERING FREE LAND TO IMMIGRANTS
Where did most immigrants from the early 20th century originate from? /3
Great Britain 1/3
USA 1/3
Europeans 1/3
Indicate a continuation in immigration between the 19th century and the 20th century. /2
Immigration to the west of Canada
Immigration is used as a method to increase economic growth in Canada
What is a consequence of the high immigration flow in the 20th century? /2
Increase in agricultural Land
Led to the creation of new provinces in 1905:
Alberta
Saskatchewan
What is xenophobia? /2
Hostility or fear toward people of foreign origin
Policies which exclude immigrants based in their race.
|
|-> Canadians want to keep Canada white (THEYRE RACISTS!)
Which race/ethnicity experiences this xenophobia from the Canadians? How did this fear effect them? /2(5)
Asian immigrants (Chinese and Japanese)
Effect:
Canadian government adopts increasingly restrictive measure towards Asian immigrants
Head tax on Chinese immigrants (want them to leave once the CPR is built)
Limited number of Asian immigrants allowed entry in Canada
Asian immigration flow decreases
Identify the cause of the second phase of industrialization. /5
Continuation of maintaining high customs duties in imported goods (protectionism-National Policy)
Large influx of immigration provides an abundant labour force and increases the demand/production of manufactured goods
The development of wheat cultivation in Western Canada (Prairies fertile lands), increases Canada’s wealth
Foreign trade primarily with the USA and the United Kingdom
The development of the war industry for WWI (munition and military equipment factories)
What new natural sources were exploited during the second phase of industrialization? /2
Hydroelectricity
Mining (Zinc, Gold, Silver, Copper, ASBESTOS, etc)
What connection can you make between the development of the railway and the growth of industrial sectors at the beginning of the second phase of industrialization?
Railways are built towards new industrial sectors to have better access to the natural resources
What were the consequences of the second phase of industrialization? /3
New areas of colonization (must be able to identify these areas on a map):
Lac Saint-Jean
Mauricie
Eastern townships
Expansion of railway network
Production now required specialized labour and extensive mechanization
What are royalties? /2
Sum paid by the government by a company that exploites a natural resource
Sum is proportional to the quantity of the resource exploited
Identify the cause and effect of the role of the state. /2(7)
Cause:
Economic liberalism
Effect:
Natural resources are owned by the state
Private companies pay royalties to the state to exploit natural resources
The state makes money off the royalties
Companies make profits
Jobs are created
State encourages foreign investments
Who were the primarily the foreign investors in Canada? /2
United Staes (mostly)
United Kingdom
Identify a consequence regarding foreign trade in the 2nd phase of industrialization. /5
Stimulated the construction and improvement of factories
Create new jobs
Investment in mining, pulp and paper, and hydroelectricity
Diversified Canadian exports
Economic growth
What is monopoly capitalism?
An economic system in which a company can market a product without any competition or assume full control over the production process of this product
Businesses attain exclusive rights to market a product
What is a continuity in the working class between the first phase and second phase of industrialization. /5
Difficult living and working conditions
Disparity between the working class and business class
Territory working districts expanding
The formation/emerging of unions to combat these conditions
Workers are still powerless against employers
Identify a change in unions in the second phase of industrialization/ 20th century. /2
Unions in Québec were mostly members of American union organizations
Catholic Union is established in 1921
How were the unions heard in the second phase of industrialization? /3
STRIKES!
Measure used to put pressure in employers and government | |-> How: 2/3 of workers must vote in favour There is just cause Last resort tactic
What are cooperatives? /5
An organization that promotes the pooling of resources, collective management and profit sharing
Common idea/strategy amongst farmers
Can get loans from the bank
Used to modernize farms (buy machinery)
Promoted by the Catholic Church in pursue of reducing socio-economic inequality
Why de s the Catholic Church form a union in the 20th century? /2
Ensure workers, mostly farmers, respect Catholic principles
Allow a re influence over American unions
What did feminists demand in the 20th century? /6
Greater access to education, particularly in advanced studies and universities
The right to run in elected offices
The right to vote (suffrage)
Better employment opportunities
Higher wages
Gender equality
Who is a suffragette?
A woman who fights for women’s right to vote suffrage)
Which interest groups opposed the feminist movement? /4
Intellectual classes
Clergy
Traditional women
Conservative nationalist
Why did some people oppose the women’s suffrage movement? /3
Advocated respect for traditional values
Believed politics are reserved for men only
Would threaten social order
When were women allowed to vote? /3
In 1916 (Manitoba was first)
In 1940 under Godbout government (Québec was the last Province to accept)
In 1918 (women can vote in federal elections)
Who is Eva Circé-Côté? Who is Marie Lacoste Gérin Lajoie? /2
Eva:
Fought for women’s education and better working conditions
Marie Lacoste:
Fought to improve women’s access to education
Fought for women’s suffrage
What jobs were available for women? /7
Textile factory worker
Nurse
Domestic worker
Nun
Teacher
Office worker
Can’t work at all (housewife)
What are the main causes of WWI? /5
Certain European states were seeking to increase their power and influence
Militarism
Alliances
Imperialism
Nationalism
What effect in wanting to expand their power have on European countries? /4
Increased military budgets
Larger armies
Arms race
Alliances based off respective interests
Who were the Triple Entente? /11
France
United Kingdom (+Canada)
Russia
Italy (changed from Central Powers to Triple entente)
Belgium
United States (1917)
Romania
Greece
Serbia
Montenegro
Portugal
Who were the Central Powers? /4
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Ottoman Empire
Bulgaria
What is militarism in WWI? /2
Increase in army and navy artillery
Germany
Great Britain
France
Russia
What is alliances in WWI? /2
Triple Entente
Central Powers
What is imperialism in WWI? /2
Increase of empires and power
Great Britain Germany France Belgium Italy
What is Nationalism in WWI?
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand on June 28th 1914
What is the cause and effect of WWI 1914-1918? /2(6)
Cause:
Bosnia wanted to separate from the Austria-Hungary and become independent and join Serbia instead
The government of Austria-Hungary refused
This lead to Gavrilo Prinap, from the Black Hands, to assassinate Franz Ferdinand the Archduke of Austria-Est
Effect:
Germany declares war on Russia
Start of the First World War
32 countries go at war in 1914-1918
Why was Canada involved in the World War 1?
Since Canada is part of the British Empire it quickly joined the fighting support of the United Kingdom
Who in Canada joined WW1? /3
Francophones
Anglophones
Indigenous Canadians
400 000 Canadian soldiers are sent to the front lines
What war measures (War Measures Act 1914) were implemented by the federal government to increase Canada’s power in WWI? /3
Control prices and wages
Intervene in all sectors of the economy so that factories could focus on war production :
weapons/munition
provisions to feed the soldiers
clothing
Impose censorship
What was the consequences of the First World War for immigration in Canada?
Due to WWI immigration, composed of refugees from the cities surrounding the battlefield, increased in Canada
What effect did WWI have on industrialization? /4
.
Industrial sector considerably increased its production of military equipment
Factories operated at maximum capacity
Increase in shipbuilding since goods and materials were transported to Europe by ship
Agricultural sector expanded with farmers increasing production to feed the armed forces and the population of certain countries
What are Victory Bonds? /4
Issued by the federal government to finance war effort of WWI
A way for Canadians to lend money to the government for which would receive interest when they cashed the bonds in
An income tax system
Causes the Roaring 20s
Identify the cause and effect of women’s contribution in WWI. /2(4)
Cause:
Thousands of men left the country to fight in Europe leaving many jobs to be filled
Industries recruit more women in their industries to meet growing production needs
Effect:
The presence of women in the labour market and their participation in war effort bolstered feminists’ demand for greater gender equality
Helped women gain the right to vote federally
How was WWI fought? /4
Trench warfare
Large military artillery is placed far from the front lines
No man’s land: where the fights take place
Concrete block house machine guns
What issues did soldiers of WWQ face when fighting in the trenches? /5
Low food rations
Rats eating their provisions and clothing
Infections/medical issues
Bug infestations in clothing and food
Deceased bodies and feces causing an even more unsanitary environment
Identify the cause and effect of the conscription crisis. /2(4)
Cause:
I’m Europe, death toll is high and more soldiers are needed
Effect:
Canadian government adopt the Military Service Act in 1917
Much of Francophone population opposes the conscription
Tensions between Francophones and Anglophones increase
How does WWI end? /4
On November 11th 1918 at 11a.m.
Germany surrenders
Triple Entente are victorious
Around 20 million people dead (soldiers + citizens)
What consequences came from WWI? /5
Canadian government organized demobilization programs
Soldiers return to their factory jobs resulting in women having to quit
Canada achieves greater autonomy and joins the League of Nations
Economic growth in many industrial sectors (Roaring 20s)
Consumption increases
What is the League of Nations? /5
An international organization founded by the Triple Entente countries in 1920
Purpose to ensure world peace by acting as a forum for resolving international disputes (DOES NOT WORK BCUZ WWII IS A THING!)
Today now knows as the United Nations
Established following WWI
Canada joins the League of Nations INDEPENDENTLY
What is the Statute of Westminster? /5
A law adopted in 1931
Grants Canada complete autonomy BUT…
all changes to Canada’s constitution must be made in Britain/British Parliament
British laws DO NOT NEED to apply to the Dominion of Canada
Britain CANNOT interfere in making laws in the Dominion
Canada has the authority to make their own laws
What events resulted in Canada’s autonomy increasing? /4
Membership in the League of Nations 1919
Signing the Treaty of Versailles —ended WWI (1919)
Enactment of the Statute of Westminster (1931)
WWII (1945)
What are the Roaring 20s? /8
1920-1929
Mass culture
New products (home appliances)
Increase consumption (people have more money to spend)
Hydroelectricity is more accessible
Entertainment gains popularity (hockey and cinema)
Economic growth
Result of Victory Bonds
THE FRIDGE!!!
Who is not happy during the Roaring 20s?
The Church
What is purchasing power?
The amount of money that a consumer has in relation to the cost of products
What is Depression in terms of economy? /2
A prolonged period of dramatically reduced economic activity
Lasts over 2 years
Identify the cause of the Great Depression 1930s. /2
Overproduction:
During the Roaring 20s, businesses produce more goods than people were consuming(buying)
By 1929, the Roaring 20s are slowing down
What is the process leading to the Great Depression 1930s? /9
Demand decreases ⬇️ Overproduction and accumulation ⬇️ Drop in prices (to get rid of products) ⬇️ Loss of investor confidence ⬇️ Stock market CRASHES ⬇️ Production decreases ⬇️ Unemployment increases ⬇️ Weak consumer purchasing power ⬇️ Demand decreases further
What is the Great Depression? /6
Poverty
High unemployment —> 1/4 people are unemployed (Consequence on labour market)
Low production (Gross Domestic Production)
High bankruptcy (in debt and can’t pay it off)
Wheat prices crash
Affected all countries who took part in WWI
What consequence came from the Great Depression regarding exports? /3
Americans stopped buying Canadian products
This situation harmed Canadian businesses because a large part of their production is exported to the United States
Businesses had to cut their workforce’s since they couldn’t pay everyone or had tasks to give to their workers
What government measures were established to solve the issue of the Great Depression? /3
Public works
Direct relief
Back to the land movement
What are public works programs 1930? /3
Introduced by the Canadian and Québec government to create jobs for the unemployed
Participants built or prepared public buildings and infrastructures
Ex. Mont-Royal
What is Direct Relief 1931? /3
Collaboration with municipalities
Financial assistance in the form of vouchers and cheque’s
Issued to poor families
What is the Back to the Land movement 1935? /4
Used to counter unemployment and poverty caused by the Great Depression
Supported by the clergy and many Canadian nationalists
Based off clerical-nationalism
Introduced a new colonization program to settle remote regions
Ex. Abitibi
Who is a fascist? /7
Describes an ideology that promotes a totalitarian /full government authority regime founded on extreme nationalism
Less popular than socialism (obviously)
Excluding other groups
Emerged after the Great Depression
No freedom of speech/press/descent
You must obey or you get arrested
Ex. Hitler, Parti Nationale:Adrien Arcand, Benito Mussolini (creates fascism)
What is clerics-nationalism? /2
French Canadian nationalism supported by the clergy
Protect French Canadian identity such as; rural life, conservative, traditional values, language and culture
Who is Adolf Hitler? /4
Fascist
Chancellor of Germany in 1933
Promised economic renewal in Germany and to avenge the Treaty of Versailles
Preparing for WWII since he became chancellor in 1933
Why did Adolf Hitler plan WWII? /3
The Great Depression created serious problems in Europe
Hitler blamed members of the Triple Entente for the economic issues Germany was facing.
Hitler wants to avenge the defeat of Germany in WWI and restore the country’s greatness and create just bs for the unemployed
Why did Germany have larger economic issues —greater Great Depression than every other country? /3
The Treaty of Versailles declares Germany fully responsible for the First World War
This results in Germany struggling economically following WWI and having to pay billions of dollars in damage for the war
Unfortunately, the country can NOT pay it leaving it in debt
Who are the Axis Powers in WWII?
Germany
Italy
Japan
Who are the Allied Powers in WWII? /5
Great Britain
France
Canada
USA
USSR (Soviet Union)
What is a continuity in both WWI and WWII? /6
VICTORY BONDS
Women working in factories
Production increases during both wars
Common enemy is Germany
Conscriptions are introduced but denied by Quebec in both wars
War Measures Act is implemented
Why does Hitler invade Poland?
With the goal of expanding Germany’s territory
How come when invading Austria and Czechoslovakia, there was no resistance? /2
All countries who took part in WWI are going through an economic decline (Great Depression)
They are aware but can not do anything because their government is too busy dealing with their economic issues
Indicate a change regarding Canada’s contribution in both World Wars. What effect does it have on the Dominion? /3
WWI:
Canada joins the war the moment Britain does since it is part of the British empire
WWII:
Canada joins the war INDEPENDENTLY of Britain, a full week once Britain has declared war.
Effect:
Canada is more autonomous
No longer joins on Great Britain’s command
What act did the federal government implement iIdentify continuities between both World Wars.
What does this act do?
War Measures Act 1939
Rationing resources for war production
Men and women are mobilized/moved to help
Control prices and wages in industrial factories
What is a plebiscite? /2
A vote by population on a program or political decision
The government is not obligated to respect the result of a plebiscite
What caused the Canadian government to host a plebiscite in WWII?
After a while, there were not enough volunteers to join the front lines due to the high number of soldiers killed/wounded in combat
How was a conscription imposed during WWII? /4
The government hosted a plebiscite asking the population to let them impose a conscription
It deemed necessary to deploy soldiers to the European front
English Canadians who make up the majority of the Dominion agreed resulting the in the conscription of 1944
Although heavily opposed by French Canadians
What military support did Canada provide in WWII? /5
Military equipment:
Planes
Tanks
Ships
Rifles
Munitions
Indicate a change in Immigration policy post WWI. /3
Reduced the number of immigrants it received and few settled in Canada
Refused the entry of many WWII refugees
People of German, Japanese and Italian origin were sent to Internment camps
What are internment camps? /5
Introduced during WWII
The Canadian government used internment camps to keep possible German/Japanese/Italian enemy agents from finding out their plan of action
Those sent to internment camps lose their property and belongings through selling them and the money is sent to the government
Your freedom is taken away
Everybody who was sent to these camps WERE NOT SPIES, NONE OF THEM!
How did WWII end? /4
The Allied Powers invade Nazi territory
Italian and Japanese forces surrender
German forces gradually retreat toward Germany and eventually capitulated
WWII officially ends in 1945
Why were soldiers demobilized once WWII was over?
Canadian government could no longer justify such a large army
What labour force did industries turn to in order to meet their needs?
WOMEN
What is communism? /2
An ideology that advocates the abolition of private property
Everyone is equal
What is socialism?
An ideology that defends the interests of the majority rather than specific interests of small groups
Why does alternative currents of though, like socialism, emerge in the 1930s?
People are starting to doubt capitalism due to the high increase of unemployment
What is the Programme de Restauration? /4
Pro rural life
Criticize the excesses of capitalism
Christian spirit and sharing will make for a just society
Favour in developing rural areas through cooperatives
Do French Canadians support clerico-nationalism? Why? /3
NO!
Why?
Some Canadian nationalists think French Canadians need to have better business representation
Believe French Canadians need to take back control of their own economy from Anglophones (Fr Cdns are the minority in business)
