Chapter 1 Flashcards
What did Lord Durham consider in his report to solve the conflict between Francophones and Anglophones? /2
The union of Upper and Lower Canada
Establishing a responsible government
How was unionizing both Canada’s gonna solve the conflict between the Francophones and the Anglophones? /2
The union would lead to the assimilation of French Canadians
Cause the French Canadian members become a minority in the single legislative assembly
What was the act adopted by London called in 1840?
Act of Union
What was the Act of a Union?
Constitution proposing a legislative union that united Upper and Lower Canada into a SINGLE COLONY
What are consequences from the Act of Union? /3
The colony is now called the Province of Canada
Territorial changes
Political changes
What is the political description of the new legislative assembly (Province of Canada)? /5
Composed of representatives of Lower and Uppoer Canada
42 members from both Upper and Lower Canada = 84 members in total
Under British rule
French Canadians are the minority
Dominated by English Canadian members
What is the what is the political STRUCTURE of the Province of Canada under the Act of Union? /7
Sovereign (King Queen or Queen) and Cabinet ministers [United Kingdom]
⬇️
Secretary of State for the colonies [United Kingdom]
⬇️
Governor General
⬇️. ⬇️
Executive Council. Legislative Council
Legislative assembly ^ ! ! ! Electorate
Who is the Governor General? /4
Has the power of veto (decline a bill)
Can dissolve the legislative assembly
Appoints members of the legislative and executive council
Is appointed by the sovereign (King or Queen of UK)
What was the consequence of the political structure in 1840 for the representation of the population of Lower Canada?
Due to the Governor General appointing members of both executive and legislative council who were Anglophones, the population of LOWER CANADA ONLY HAD POWER IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, WHICH IS VERY LITTLE POWER COMPARED TO ANGLOPHONES.
What is responsible government?
IMPORTANT
A government in which the members of the Executive council are chosen from among the members of the majority in the legislative assembly
What is the executive council? /2
Composed of 8 members appointed by the Governor General
Puts the bill into action (executes)
What is the legislative council? /3
Composed of 24 members
Appointed by the Governor General
Bill is passed to them, once decided by the legislative assembly
What’s the legislative assembly? /4
Made up of 84 members (42 Upper and 42 Lower)
Are elected by the population of the Province of Québec.
Propose
Decide
Change
Vote on a bill
Have little representation in the political structure
What disadvantages did the Act of Union impose on French Canadians? /4
There was a French minority in the legislative assembly
|-> some members from Lower Canada were Anglophones
Governor and council members (executive and legislative) were all Anglophones
English became the official language in the Province of Québec
Lower Canada now shares Upper Canada’s debt on top of their own debt as a result of the merging/ Act of Union
What did not change for French Canadians in the Act of Union?
French civil law was maintained in Lower Canada
Following the Act of Union 1840, politicians divided into 2 groups. What were they? /2
Reformers
Conservatives
Who are the Reformers? /6
Led by Robert Baldwin (Upper Canada)
Led by Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine (Lower Canada)
|-> want to protect the rights of French Canadians
Composed of French Canadian members and a few English members in Lower Canada
Composed of English members in Upper Canada
Supported by the professional bourgeoisie
Demand the establishment of a responsible government
Who are the Conservatives? /4
Also known as Tories
Composed of English Canadians and 2 French Canadian members
Supported by the British business class
Do NOT seek political change
|-> do not want to lose their influence over the political structure of the Province of Québec (institutions with appointed members: Governor and councils)
What is the Alliance of Reformers? /5
Led by reformer leaders: Baldwin and Lafontaine
Established in order to give greater weight to their political demands
|-> establish responsible government
Formed after the elections of 1841-1848
French Canadians reformers would support their English Canadian colleagues with their economic legislations
In exchange….
English Canadian reformers would help protect the French language and French culture in Lower Canada
What is protectionism?
IMPORTANT
An economic policy instituted by a government in order to protect the economy of a country or empire from foreign competition
What are preferential tariffs?
A tarif that reduces customs duties on the goods of a trading partner (I.e a colony)
Identify the cause and effect of Britain abolishing protectionism in the mid-19 century /2(4)
Cause:
some members of the British parliament felt that British merchants were paying too much for certain resources that
Resources could be bought at a lower price in other regions (than their colonies)
Effect:
British colonies must now compete with foreign countries to have a place for their resources and products on the British market
Merchants from the Province of a Canada are now very unhappy since they now must face foreign competition
What is a consequence of the abolishment of Britain’s protectionism? /5
Encouraged British colonies to become more autonomous economically
A path for greater political autonomy
Grants ministerial responsibility to Britain’s colonies
First responsible government in the Province of Québec is formed in 1848
Reciprocity Treaty
Indicate a change in the political structure of the Province of Québec government after 1840. /3
change:
Members of the executive council are not longer appointed by the Governor General
Members of the executive council are NOW appointed by the leader of the party with the most seats in the legislative assembly
Members of the executive council must now present bills that received support from the majority of the members of the legislative assembly
Indicate a continuity in the political structure of the Province of Canada after 1840. /2
Continuity :
Governor General can still overturn (veto) a law and prevent the executive council from dissolving the legislative assembly
Governor General is still appointed by Britain (monarch)
What is ministerial responsibility?
In which the Legislative assembly approves the choice of the members for the executive council
What is the consequence of the formation Alliance of Reformers for French Canadians? /3
Re-establishing the French language in the Legislative Assembly
A law granting amnesty to the Patriotes (War of 1837-1838)
A law compensating victims of the rebellion (War of 1837-1838)
Amnesty: terminated legal proceedings and grants a pardon
Compensate: to pay a sum of money in recognition of damages or injury sustained
What territories did Britain / Hudson Bay company own before confederation of 1867? /2(5)
Hudson Bay company:
Rupert’s Land
North-Western territory
Britain:
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick
Did responsible government in the Province of Canada change the political relationship between Britain and the Province of Canada? Why? /2
NO!
The colonies did not have the power to manage external affairs which were under the jurisdiction of Great Britain
What British colonies were situated in the East of the Great Lakes in the mid-19th century, before confederation? /5
Province of Canada
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Identify the cause and effect of confederation in 1867. /2
Cause:
Britain still managed their colonies’ external affairs
Effect:
Political and economic difficulties would lead the colony to consider becoming independent
What happened to the Reformers after the separation of the Alliance of Reformers? /5
Reformers are split into moderates and radicals
New political parties emerged
Politicians of Upper and Lower Canada we’re divided into a two-party System
Moderate reformers:
Parti Rouge
Clear Grit Party
Radical reformers:
Parti Bleu
Conservative
What is a two-party system?
A political system in which two main parties succeed one another as the head of the government
What is the Parti Rouge? /9
Lower Canada
Radical reformers
Liberals
Nationalists
Leader: Antoine-Aimé Dorion
Anticlerical
Seek more change
Supported the separation of Church and State (secularism)
Distrusted by the Clear Grit party (George Brown)
What is the Clear Grit Party? /8
Upper Canada
Liberals
Leader: George Brown
Radical reformers
Supported the separation of the Church and State
Seek more change
Distrusts the Parti Rouge
Believe Francophones have too much influence in the government
What is the Parti Bleu? /9
Lower Canada
Conservative
Leader: George-Étienne Cartier
Supported by the Catholic clergy
Moderate reformers
Are satisfied with concessions of 1848
Montreal bourgeoisie and businessmen
Want to develop the country
Forge commercial and political ties within the Province of Canada
What is the Conservative Party? /9
Upper Canada
Moderate reformers
Are satisfied with concessions from 1848
Leader: John A. Macdonald
Want to develop the country
Forge commercial and political ties within the Province of Canada
Supported by the British government (loyal to the British crown)
Protestant
Anglophone
What is a double majority?
A government that had the support of a majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly in both Upper and Lower Canada
What alliances were formed during the Province of Canada elections in 1854? /3
Parti Bleu (majority in Lower Canada) \+ Conservative Party (minority in Upper Canada)
Parti Rouge (minority in Lower Canada)
+
Clear Grit Party (majority in Upper Canada)
Conservatives made up the majority in Upper Canada and minority in Lower Canada
Liberals made up the majority in Lower Canada and the minority in Upper Canada
Why was there never a majority government in the Province of Canada between 1854-1864? What are the consequences of not having one? /2
Why:
More than 10 minority governments succeeded one another in the Province of Canada
Consequence:
Ministerial instability was present
Managing the affairs of the colony become extremely difficult
What is majority government? What it minority government? /2
Majority:
Government formed by the party that had more than 50% of the elected members in the Legislative Assembly
Minority:
Government formed by a party that had less than 50% of the elected members in the legislative assembly
What is proportional representation? /2
A system in which the number of members elected to the Legislative assembly had to be in proportion to the population of the region
Representation by population a.k.a Rep by Pop.
Identify the cause and effect of proportional representation. /2(4)
Cause:
The population of Upper Canada exceeded the population of Lower Canada
Effect:
Members of Lower Canada opposed proportional representation because they would be outnumbered by the members of Upper Canada in the Legislative Assembly
Many French Canadians worried it would threaten their culture and language
What two camps divided the politicians of the Province of Canada in the 1850s? /2
Liberals
Conservatives
Why is the Clear Grit Party demand proportional representation?
Upper Canada is now being poorly represented due to their population being larger than that of Lower Canada
What is free trade?
Economic system under which customs duties are abolished (protectionism) in order to promote trade with other countries
What consequence did Britain’s adoption of free trade have on the Province of Canada? /3
Province of Canada is now on equal footing with other countries who Britain wishes to trade with
Canada’s exports to Britain decreases
Province of Canada signs the Reciprocity Treaty with the USA in 1854
What is the Reciprocity Treaty? /7
From 1854-1866
A trade between the Province of Canada and the USA
Allowed the Province of Canada and the USA to trade raw materials and agricultural products without paying for custom duties
Allowed Canadians to take advantage of the vast American market (since the USA population is 10x larger than that of P.o.C)
Allowed Americans to import many natural resources from the Province of Canada
Canadian exports increase
Farming and Forestry industries benefit from this alliance
Identify the cause and effect of the Reciprocity Treaty. /9
1) Britain adopts free trade in 1846
2) Canada’s exports decrease
3) Canada needs a new market
4) Canada and the USA sign the Reciprocity Treaty in 1854
5) Canada’s exports increase
6) USA does not benefit from the Treaty as much as Canada
7) USA ends the Reciprocity Treaty in 1866
8) Canada needs a new partner/market (again)
9) Province of Canada consults to the British North American maritime colonies
Which regions make up the British North American maritime colonies? /4
Prince Edward Island
New Brunswick
Nova Scotia
Newfoundland
What was the consequence for the Province of Canada with the end of the Reciprocity Treaty with the USA in 1866? /2
The Province if Canada turned to the British North American maritime colonies to increase trade
Support to unite all the British North American colonies (P.o.C and BNA maritime colonies) grew to create a large economic unit
Identify the cause and effect of economic trade in the 1850-1560s ./2
Cause:
Province of Canada becomes trading partners with the USA and later on the BNA resulting in an increase of exports
Effect:
Railway network is developed to make transportation of goods/exports more efficient
What are the consequences of the railway network in the 1850s? /3
Goods can be transported all year round
Exports can be transported at long distances
The Grand Trunk 1852 is built (Toronto - Montreal - Parts of the USA) and increases over the years
Why does it take longer for Canada to expand its railways? /2
Expensive
Requires a lot of workers
What territory is wanted by both the US and the Province of Canada in the 1860s? For what reason? /2
The Prairies—Owned by the Hudson Bay Company(West of the Province of Canada)
To pursue expansion and development
What event lead to by the USA threatened the Province of Canada in the 1860s?
American Threat
What is the American Threat? /3
USA wanting to expand and colonize the Western territories in Canada
Manifest Destiny
Annexation of the Province of Canada
What is the Manifest Destiny?
The ideology (prophecy) that is it the DESTINY of the USA to control the entire North American government
What is annexation?
An action by which part or all of a state’s territory comes under the control of another state
What measure did the Province of Canada impose to prevent the American Threat?
CONFEDERATION!!!!
They create the GREAT COALITION!
Identify the cause and effect of Confederation 1864. /2
Cause:
American Threat
Effect:
Canadian politicians seek out solutions
The project to unite the British North American colonies took shape
What is the Great Coalition? /8
1864-1867
An alliance formed by George Brown
Coalition government
Key players:
Clear Grit Party (George Brown)
Conservative Party (John A. Macdonald)
Parti Bleu (George-Étienne Cartier)
Introduced the idea of confederation of all British North American colonies
Improve the defence of the British colonies against the USA
Goal of making Canada INDEPENDENT
All fed up with ministerial instability
What is a coalition government?
Government formed of the members of two or more political parties that have agreed to cooperate with each other
What is confederation?
The association of several states that delegate some of their powers to a central government while maintaining their political authority
What was one issue regarding the Confederation of 1864?
Members of the Great Coalition must first convince the government of other colonies of this proposal
What is the Charlottetown Conference? /5
1864
Representatives of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia discuss the union of the maritime colonies
Province of Canada representatives MacDonald, Cartier and Brown intervene the conference to discuss/convince the union of all BNA colonies would be more beneficial
Colonies present at the Charlottetown conference agree the principle of federal union
Another conference is held in Québec City
What is federalism?
A political system in which power is divided between two levels of government: federal and provincial
What is the Quebec City conference? /6
Acceptance of federalism as a political structure for the union of the colonies
Adoption of the 72 resolutions
Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland don’t agree to the 72 resolutions
The division of power between two levels of government (fed and prov.)
Proportional representation of the members of the legislative assemblies of each province
The construction of a railway linking all of the provinces in the federal union
Why did Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland not agree on the 72 resolutions? /2
Due to having the smallest population among all BNA colonies, proportional representation will result in them having few members in the Legislative Assembly
Worried about having to repay the dept accumulated by the Province of Canada (construction of canals and railways)
Who supported and opposed the idea of confederation in 1860s? /2
Support: Nova Scotia New Brunswick Parti Bleu Conservative Party Clear Grit Party
Oppose:
Parti Rouge
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland
What is the London conference? /3
Consequence of Confederation/Great Coalition
1866
Representatives of the BNA colonies draft/submitted a bill based on the 72 resolutions adopted at the Quebec City conference
British Parliament adopts the British North America Act (BNA Act)
— Canada’s first constitution
What political alliance in the Province of Canada prepared the way for confederation?
The Great Coalition
What is a Dominion? /2
Autonomous member state of the British Commonwealth
Are a separate country BUT still part of the British empire (technically)
What is the British North American Act of 1867? /5
BNA maritime colonies + Province of Canada = Dominion of Canada 1867
The king or queen of Britain remain Canada’s official head of state
Divides power into jurisdictions between federal and provincial governments
John A. MacDonald becomes the first Prime Minister
Provinces: Québec Ontario New Brunswick Nova Scotia
Identify the three causes of industrialization in the mid 19 century. /3
Development of domestic market
Population growth (natural increase + immigration)
Reciprocity Treaty with the USA
What is mechanization? /2
The intensive use of machines to replace manual labour
Steam engine
What effect did industrialization/mechanization have on craftspeople? /2(5)
Before:
Craftspeople worked with simple tools and perform each step on the manufactured good.
Process is slow and makes a limited amount of products
After:
Craftspeople can produce greater quantities of goods and a faster rate
Process is broken down in several tasks and given to several workers
Does not need any special training since it’s the same repetitive task
What product/sources (development sectors) were exploited during the first phase of industrialization? /5
Food: Flour Milk Butter Cheese Bear Sugar
Leather
Textiles
Tobacco
Timber/lumber
What is industrial capitalism? /3
An economic system where members of a social class possess the capital and the means of production
Control a group of workers with the goal of increasing their own wealth
Promotes industrialization
What is industrialization?
Transition from craftwork to factory production of goods
What role did businessmen have on the economy in the mid 19th century? /5
Made profit by selling goods
Opened large factories that required major investments
Reinvesting the money made by selling their products to purchase more machinery or opening more factories
Supported by the federal government
Entrepreneurs ensure economic development
How does the federal government support businessmen in the first phase of industrialization? /2
Building transportationinfrastructures (railways+ canals)
Adopting laws favorable to business
What is capitalism?
An economic system which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than by the federal government
What effect did developing the railways network have on the economy? /5
Rapid access to raw materials
Shipping of manufactured products
Year round transportation
Colonization of new territories
Growth of a new industrial sector: manufacturing of railway equipment + installation of railway (new jobs)
Lead to the development of new economic sectors: forestry and metallurgy (materials used to build railways)
What is the Intercolonial Railway? /4
1876
A railway link between the Maritimes and the Province of Canada
Linked the Grand Trunk railway to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
1100 km long
What is the forestry industry? /6
Took over as the main economic resource since the 19th century (took over the fur trade)
An effect from the development of mechanization and the expansion of rail networks
An effect from the Reciprocity Treaty
2 main products:
Lumber
Pulp and paper
Opened new jobs
Development of new regions: KNOW HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM ON MAPS
Mauricie
Outaouais
Saguenay
What was the connection between the forestry industry and the expansion of the rail networks? /2
Due to the expansion of rail networks in the mid 19th century, more material was needed to build those railways.
This resulted in the development of the forestry industry to increase as people were needed to work in providing the materials and building the railway itself (logging camps).
What are logging camps? /4
Forestry industry
Canadians worked in logging camps in the winter
Standard living improves (result)
Small logging camps grow and expand
What is a Métis? /2
A person whose mother and father are NOT from the same origin
In Canada, offspring of European and First Nation descent
What effect did the first phase of industrialization have on farming? /2
Crop diversification begins (wheat, potatoes, oats,animal husbandry,etc)
Farms became mechanized (use of machines)
Why does dairy production increase in the 1870s? /4
Requires few employees
Less vulnerable to weather changes
Results in a greater diversity of products (milk, cheese, butter, etc)
Becomes the most important agricultural industry at the end of the 19th century
What do farmers benefit from crop diversification? /3
Adapt to growing population
Adapt to new markets
Can continue business if in case a disease kills one of their crops
What is the process of capitalism? /5
1) Owners hire workers
2) Workers manufacture goods
3) Owners make profit from goods manufactured by workers
4) Owners invest profits to buy more machines
5) Build more factories
What consequence (bad) did industrialization have on the working class? Describe it. /2(18)
Working conditions are poor: Several/severe injuries Pay is deducted when equipment is provided to that worker Depressing/bleak atmosphere Low wages (to low to support a family) Long hours (up to 72hours a week) Child labour Women and children are paid less than men Unsanitary/ poorly ventilated
Living conditions are poor: Immense amount of air pollution Unsanitary dwellings Small dwellings for large families No electricity No running water (sewage system) Located close to factories Epidemics emerged High mortality rate (especially for children)
What solutions could been provided to improve both living and working conditions? /5
Build a sewage system
Waste removal
Water purification
Public health campaigns
Vaccination campaigns
What are unions? What was the objective of unions? /3
Organization of WORKERS forming to protect their rights and interests
Demanded for better working conditions: Reduce working hours Insurance in case of illness or accident No child labour Recognition of the rights of unionized workers
Led to strikes
What is a consequence from the formation of unions? /4
Federal government recognized the need to protect workers’ health and safety and to regulate factory work
Government adopts measures that meet the demands of the union workers
1885: Québec Factories Act
1889:
Royal Commission on labour
Capital recommends adopting better working conditions
What is the Quebec Factories Act 1885? /4
Minimum working age for boys is 12 y/o
Minimum working age for girls is 14 y/o
60hrs/week for women
72hrs/week for men
What is the Royal Commission?
A study funded by the government to find solutions to certain problems
What is rural exodus?
The migration of populations from rural regions o cities/industrial centres
What is urbanization?
The concentration of the population in cities
What is the connection between rural exodus and urbanization in the late 19th century (1861-1891)?
People move to the cities in hopes of finding employment in the cities
What promotes rural exodus? /2
INDUSTRIALIZATION led to displacement of the population from the rural regions to the cities (CONNECTION: industrialization and urbanization)
Expanding industries required more labour and factories were concentrated in large cities
Why did rural exodus swerved towards the United States? /3
Overpopulation of the Vallée du Saint-Laurent’s farmland (seigneuries)
Soil is no longer fertile for harvests (bad harvests)
Workers were attracted by the successful industries in the cities of the USA
What effect did people emigrating to the United States have in the Quebec government? /3
Government and Catholic Church are worried that the Francophone population will become more the minority within Canada
Start organizing agricultural colonization programs in Saguenay, Lac-Saint-Jean, Laurentides, Outaouais
Québec population growth decreases ( grows slower)
|
|-> emigration surpasses immigration from 1861-1901
What are the consequences of colonizing new areas in the late 19th century? /4
Solve the problem of unemployment
Prevent people from leaving the province
Settlement territory increases
Cause a conflict between the Quebec government and the First Nations inhabiting the west (Métis)
What causes a huge increase in population in Quebec in the 1840s? /2
Irish immigration (Great Potato Famine) 1845
Immigrants from:
British Isles (mostly)
Northern Europe
United States
What is ultramontanism? /7
Introduced in the 1840s
Political and RELIGIOUS doctrine according to which the Catholic Church exercises control in all spheres of society, particularly with respect to political power
Traditional value
Pope has the ultimate power
Priest tells the people who they should vote for (political)
Church has influence over education
Defence against the assimilation of French Canadians
What is nationalism? /2
A sense of belonging to a nation or a territory
A political ideology in which a group of individuals who share common characteristics identify as a nation
What characteristics identify French Canadian identity? /4
Catholic faith
French culture and language
Traditional way of life (farmland and rural life)
Traditional family structure (father is the authority figure)
What is nationalism of survival? /2
A nationalism believing that maintaining…
-Catholic faith/church
-French culture and language
…is essential to the cultural survival of the French Canadians in North America
ONLY THE CHURCH CAN PROTECT THE IDENTITY OF FRENCH CANADIANS
What is anticlericalism? /2
A position opposing the influence o the Church in spheres other than religious life
Supported by:
Parti Rouge
l’Institut Canadien
Who is l’Institut Canadien? /7
Group of young professionals and intellectuals
Challenged the power of the Church (ultramontanism)
Organized debates and conferences/public lectures about various topics
Owned a library containing books all banned by the Vatican (Church), such as book on:
- Literature
- Philosophy
- Science
- Law
Published a newspaper, l’Avenir, to announce their ideology
Founded in Montreal
Active in Montreal and Quebec
Identify a consequence from people opposing ultramontanism. /3
The pope condemned all members of l’institut Canadien
Excommunicated all members of l’institut Canadien
L’institut Canadien canut down in 1877
Identify consequences after the establishment of the British North America Act in 1867? /4
Canada buys Rupert’s Land from the Hudson Bay Company
The Dominion of Canada gains a vast territory in the west and 3 more provinces:
British Columbia
Prince Edward Island
Northwest Territories
Manitoba is created in 1870 (Provisional government)
Economic challenges and political tensions between the federal and provincial governments
Why does the federal government want to colonize the west? How do the Métis feel about this program? /2(4)
- Offer a place of settlement for new Canadians (immigrants)
- Create a larger economic base to promote the Dominion’s development
- Protect the undefended lands of the West from American annexation (American Threat)
Métis reaction:
Métis are worried they would lose their lands as well as their way of life and culture
What causes the Red River Rebellion 1869? /4
Canadian government set out to colonize the lands the Métis have settled
⬇️
The government sent out surveyors to divide the land into grants for the colonists
⬇️
Louis Riel, leader of the National Committee of Métis, disrupts the work of the surveyors
⬇️
National Committee of Métis form a provisional government to negotiate the entry of their territory into the Dominion of Canada
What is the purpose of the Red River Rebellion of 1869? /2
Métis demand that the federal government recognize their territorial, religious, language rights and a seat in the House of Commons
Led by Louis Riel
What is a provisional government?
Temporary government set up during or after a war/revolution/rebellion while waiting the establishment of a permanent government
Who is Louis Riel? /4
Leader of the National Committee of Métis
Defended Métis human rights
Was sent to an asylum for 2 years because her believed God spoke directly to him during the rebellions
Led both the Red River Rebellion and the North-West Rebellion
What caused the North-West Rebellion 1885? /3
Massive influx of colonists in the Dominion of Canada
Extension of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)
Result of decrease in hunting and fishing territories
Canadian surveyors (AGAIN!) moved further west into Métis and First Nation territory to colonize
What is the North-West Rebellion 1885? /3
Resistance organized by Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont
Failed Rebellion
Louis Riel, some Métis and First Nations are arrested and charged with treason, later in executed
Why did the North-West Rebellion/Resistance fail? /3
Louis Riel believed God was the only support they needed.
Based his mindset off religion and miracles
Louis Riel wanted no one to get hurt and disagreed on the use of weapons
What effect did Louis Riel’s death have on the population of the Dominions of Canada? /3
Tension (politically mostly) rose between French Canadians and English Canadians (when is there not a conflict between those two!?)
French:
Supported Louis Riel
Saw Louis Riel as a symbol of defending French Canadian culture and values
Believed the federal government did not respect minority rights
English:
Opposed Louis Riel
Believed he deserved to be executed
What is the Indian Act 1876? /5
Purpose to assimilate indigenous people (AGAIN!!!)
Aboriginals are incapable to vote or recognized as a citizen in Canada until 1960
Natives are pushed onto reserves
Residential schools are introduced to ASSIMILATE the Native culture through education
Indigenous traditional way of life is threatened
ITS RACIST
What event and causes result in the birth of the National Policy? /2(4)
Event:
Dominion of Canada faces a recession (economic decline) in 1873
Cause:
Bank failures
Unemployment
Agricultural product prices are decreasing (main source of economy)
Why is the economic recession in 1873 beneficial to the USA? /2
It allows the USA to take over the land in the west (Manifest Destiny)
Canada is too busy securing their economy to plan a defence/retaliation against the USA
What is the National Policy 1879? /5
Adopted by Canada’s first Prime Minister: John A. Macdonald
Purpose:
Encourage the Dominion’s industrial development
Protect Canadian businesses from American competition
Increase settlement in Western Canada to develop land and domestic market
Protectionism (economic policy)
Objective:
Increase custom duties (protectionist tarifs)
Expansion of Rail network
Population growth via immigration in Western Canada
Birth of the Canadian Pacific Railway
Identify the cause and effect of the National Policy 1879. /2(6)
Cause:
American manufactured products are cheaper than Canadian products
Greater number of business and higher production/profit in the USA
Effect:
Custom duties are imposed on American products
Decrease in American exports to Canada (that’s good!)
Increase production in Canada
Stimulate the development of Canadian industries
What is the Canadian Pacific Railway 1885? /4
Objective:
Link the provinces
Increase trade between the different regions in the Dominion
A transcontinental railway: extending across a continent
Part of the National Policy
Railway that facilitates the circulation of goods and immigration
What is the connection between the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the development of the Dominion?
As the dominion of Canada increase in territory, the Canadian Pacific Railway is built to allow easy transportation for not only immigrants to colonize those new regions but to also increase the Dominion’s economy through the exploitation of new resources
What part did immigrating to the West play in the National Policy? /6
Allows Canada to claim and colonize the kind
Turn Western Canada into Canada’s bread-basket (money bringer) with its fertile lands for agriculture
More people manufacturing more goods for foreign export
More FARMERS growing enough wheat to feed the Canadian population (with its fertile lands)
Constituting a market for goods produced in CANADIAN FACTORIES (remember why National Policy was adopted?)
Promoting the development of the domestic market
How did Canada/John A. MacDonald attract immigrants to the Dominion of Canada? /3
Promised future immigrants FREE LAND for suitable farming in Western Canada
Posted immigrant campaigns in Europe to target mostly British and Eastern Europeans
Showed the summer season photos in posters rather than the winter season to attract more immigrants to colonize the West
What is provincial autonomy? /2
An ideology to which the federal government is PROHIBITED FROM INTERVENING in jurisdictions that fall under the responsibility of the provinces
PROVINCIAL INDEPENDENCE FROM THE FEDERAL GOVENREMNT
Who is Honoré Mercier? /6
Leader of the Parti National
Premier of Québec 1887-1891
Opened new areas of colonization
Demanded the decentralization of power
Promoted provincial autonomy
Defend French Canadian nationalism
Identify the cause of the ideology of decentralization. /3
Part of the population of Canada believed the federal government was not protecting the rights of Francophone Catholic minorities outside of Quebec
Provinces demand a greater share of tax revenue
Demand the federal government respect their areas of jurisdictions
What effect did the first interprovincial conference 1887 have on the provinces? /4
Canada grants the provinces certain tax revenue
Allows the provinces maintain full control over education and healthcare
Federal government can ONLY INTERVENE IN THE EVENT OF A CRISIS
Canadian federation is a little less centralized
