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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Lord Durham consider in his report to solve the conflict between Francophones and Anglophones? /2

A

The union of Upper and Lower Canada

Establishing a responsible government

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2
Q

How was unionizing both Canada’s gonna solve the conflict between the Francophones and the Anglophones? /2

A

The union would lead to the assimilation of French Canadians

Cause the French Canadian members become a minority in the single legislative assembly

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3
Q

What was the act adopted by London called in 1840?

A

Act of Union

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4
Q

What was the Act of a Union?

A

Constitution proposing a legislative union that united Upper and Lower Canada into a SINGLE COLONY

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5
Q

What are consequences from the Act of Union? /3

A

The colony is now called the Province of Canada

Territorial changes

Political changes

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6
Q

What is the political description of the new legislative assembly (Province of Canada)? /5

A

Composed of representatives of Lower and Uppoer Canada

42 members from both Upper and Lower Canada = 84 members in total

Under British rule

French Canadians are the minority

Dominated by English Canadian members

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7
Q

What is the what is the political STRUCTURE of the Province of Canada under the Act of Union? /7

A

Sovereign (King Queen or Queen) and Cabinet ministers [United Kingdom]
⬇️
Secretary of State for the colonies [United Kingdom]
⬇️
Governor General
⬇️. ⬇️
Executive Council. Legislative Council

Legislative assembly
^
!
!
!
Electorate
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8
Q

Who is the Governor General? /4

A

Has the power of veto (decline a bill)

Can dissolve the legislative assembly

Appoints members of the legislative and executive council

Is appointed by the sovereign (King or Queen of UK)

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9
Q

What was the consequence of the political structure in 1840 for the representation of the population of Lower Canada?

A

Due to the Governor General appointing members of both executive and legislative council who were Anglophones, the population of LOWER CANADA ONLY HAD POWER IN THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, WHICH IS VERY LITTLE POWER COMPARED TO ANGLOPHONES.

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10
Q

What is responsible government?

IMPORTANT

A

A government in which the members of the Executive council are chosen from among the members of the majority in the legislative assembly

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11
Q

What is the executive council? /2

A

Composed of 8 members appointed by the Governor General

Puts the bill into action (executes)

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12
Q

What is the legislative council? /3

A

Composed of 24 members

Appointed by the Governor General

Bill is passed to them, once decided by the legislative assembly

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13
Q

What’s the legislative assembly? /4

A

Made up of 84 members (42 Upper and 42 Lower)

Are elected by the population of the Province of Québec.

Propose
Decide
Change
Vote on a bill

Have little representation in the political structure

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14
Q

What disadvantages did the Act of Union impose on French Canadians? /4

A

There was a French minority in the legislative assembly
|-> some members from Lower Canada were Anglophones

Governor and council members (executive and legislative) were all Anglophones

English became the official language in the Province of Québec

Lower Canada now shares Upper Canada’s debt on top of their own debt as a result of the merging/ Act of Union

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15
Q

What did not change for French Canadians in the Act of Union?

A

French civil law was maintained in Lower Canada

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16
Q

Following the Act of Union 1840, politicians divided into 2 groups. What were they? /2

A

Reformers

Conservatives

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17
Q

Who are the Reformers? /6

A

Led by Robert Baldwin (Upper Canada)

Led by Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine (Lower Canada)
|-> want to protect the rights of French Canadians

Composed of French Canadian members and a few English members in Lower Canada

Composed of English members in Upper Canada

Supported by the professional bourgeoisie

Demand the establishment of a responsible government

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18
Q

Who are the Conservatives? /4

A

Also known as Tories

Composed of English Canadians and 2 French Canadian members

Supported by the British business class

Do NOT seek political change
|-> do not want to lose their influence over the political structure of the Province of Québec (institutions with appointed members: Governor and councils)

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19
Q

What is the Alliance of Reformers? /5

A

Led by reformer leaders: Baldwin and Lafontaine

Established in order to give greater weight to their political demands
|-> establish responsible government

Formed after the elections of 1841-1848

French Canadians reformers would support their English Canadian colleagues with their economic legislations

In exchange….

English Canadian reformers would help protect the French language and French culture in Lower Canada

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20
Q

What is protectionism?

IMPORTANT

A

An economic policy instituted by a government in order to protect the economy of a country or empire from foreign competition

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21
Q

What are preferential tariffs?

A

A tarif that reduces customs duties on the goods of a trading partner (I.e a colony)

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22
Q

Identify the cause and effect of Britain abolishing protectionism in the mid-19 century /2(4)

A

Cause:
some members of the British parliament felt that British merchants were paying too much for certain resources that

Resources could be bought at a lower price in other regions (than their colonies)

Effect:
British colonies must now compete with foreign countries to have a place for their resources and products on the British market

Merchants from the Province of a Canada are now very unhappy since they now must face foreign competition

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23
Q

What is a consequence of the abolishment of Britain’s protectionism? /5

A

Encouraged British colonies to become more autonomous economically

A path for greater political autonomy

Grants ministerial responsibility to Britain’s colonies

First responsible government in the Province of Québec is formed in 1848

Reciprocity Treaty

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24
Q

Indicate a change in the political structure of the Province of Québec government after 1840. /3

A

change:
Members of the executive council are not longer appointed by the Governor General

Members of the executive council are NOW appointed by the leader of the party with the most seats in the legislative assembly

Members of the executive council must now present bills that received support from the majority of the members of the legislative assembly

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25
Q

Indicate a continuity in the political structure of the Province of Canada after 1840. /2

A

Continuity :
Governor General can still overturn (veto) a law and prevent the executive council from dissolving the legislative assembly

Governor General is still appointed by Britain (monarch)

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26
Q

What is ministerial responsibility?

A

In which the Legislative assembly approves the choice of the members for the executive council

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27
Q

What is the consequence of the formation Alliance of Reformers for French Canadians? /3

A

Re-establishing the French language in the Legislative Assembly

A law granting amnesty to the Patriotes (War of 1837-1838)

A law compensating victims of the rebellion (War of 1837-1838)

Amnesty: terminated legal proceedings and grants a pardon

Compensate: to pay a sum of money in recognition of damages or injury sustained

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28
Q

What territories did Britain / Hudson Bay company own before confederation of 1867? /2(5)

A

Hudson Bay company:
Rupert’s Land
North-Western territory

Britain:
Prince Edward Island
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick

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29
Q

Did responsible government in the Province of Canada change the political relationship between Britain and the Province of Canada? Why? /2

A

NO!

The colonies did not have the power to manage external affairs which were under the jurisdiction of Great Britain

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30
Q

What British colonies were situated in the East of the Great Lakes in the mid-19th century, before confederation? /5

A

Province of Canada

Prince Edward Island

Newfoundland

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

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31
Q

Identify the cause and effect of confederation in 1867. /2

A

Cause:
Britain still managed their colonies’ external affairs

Effect:
Political and economic difficulties would lead the colony to consider becoming independent

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32
Q

What happened to the Reformers after the separation of the Alliance of Reformers? /5

A

Reformers are split into moderates and radicals

New political parties emerged

Politicians of Upper and Lower Canada we’re divided into a two-party System

Moderate reformers:
Parti Rouge
Clear Grit Party

Radical reformers:
Parti Bleu
Conservative

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33
Q

What is a two-party system?

A

A political system in which two main parties succeed one another as the head of the government

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34
Q

What is the Parti Rouge? /9

A

Lower Canada

Radical reformers

Liberals

Nationalists

Leader: Antoine-Aimé Dorion

Anticlerical

Seek more change

Supported the separation of Church and State (secularism)

Distrusted by the Clear Grit party (George Brown)

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35
Q

What is the Clear Grit Party? /8

A

Upper Canada

Liberals

Leader: George Brown

Radical reformers

Supported the separation of the Church and State

Seek more change

Distrusts the Parti Rouge

Believe Francophones have too much influence in the government

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36
Q

What is the Parti Bleu? /9

A

Lower Canada

Conservative

Leader: George-Étienne Cartier

Supported by the Catholic clergy

Moderate reformers

Are satisfied with concessions of 1848

Montreal bourgeoisie and businessmen

Want to develop the country

Forge commercial and political ties within the Province of Canada

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37
Q

What is the Conservative Party? /9

A

Upper Canada

Moderate reformers

Are satisfied with concessions from 1848

Leader: John A. Macdonald

Want to develop the country

Forge commercial and political ties within the Province of Canada

Supported by the British government (loyal to the British crown)

Protestant

Anglophone

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38
Q

What is a double majority?

A

A government that had the support of a majority of the members of the Legislative Assembly in both Upper and Lower Canada

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39
Q

What alliances were formed during the Province of Canada elections in 1854? /3

A 
Parti Bleu (majority in Lower Canada)
\+
Conservative Party (minority in Upper Canada)

Parti Rouge (minority in Lower Canada)
+
Clear Grit Party (majority in Upper Canada)

Conservatives made up the majority in Upper Canada and minority in Lower Canada

Liberals made up the majority in Lower Canada and the minority in Upper Canada

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40
Q

Why was there never a majority government in the Province of Canada between 1854-1864? What are the consequences of not having one? /2

A

Why:
More than 10 minority governments succeeded one another in the Province of Canada

Consequence:
Ministerial instability was present
Managing the affairs of the colony become extremely difficult

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41
Q

What is majority government? What it minority government? /2

A

Majority:
Government formed by the party that had more than 50% of the elected members in the Legislative Assembly

Minority:
Government formed by a party that had less than 50% of the elected members in the legislative assembly

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42
Q

What is proportional representation? /2

A

A system in which the number of members elected to the Legislative assembly had to be in proportion to the population of the region

Representation by population a.k.a Rep by Pop.

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43
Q

Identify the cause and effect of proportional representation. /2(4)

A

Cause:
The population of Upper Canada exceeded the population of Lower Canada

Effect:
Members of Lower Canada opposed proportional representation because they would be outnumbered by the members of Upper Canada in the Legislative Assembly

Many French Canadians worried it would threaten their culture and language

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44
Q

What two camps divided the politicians of the Province of Canada in the 1850s? /2

A

Liberals

Conservatives

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45
Q

Why is the Clear Grit Party demand proportional representation?

A

Upper Canada is now being poorly represented due to their population being larger than that of Lower Canada

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46
Q

What is free trade?

A

Economic system under which customs duties are abolished (protectionism) in order to promote trade with other countries

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47
Q

What consequence did Britain’s adoption of free trade have on the Province of Canada? /3

A

Province of Canada is now on equal footing with other countries who Britain wishes to trade with

Canada’s exports to Britain decreases

Province of Canada signs the Reciprocity Treaty with the USA in 1854

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48
Q

What is the Reciprocity Treaty? /7

A

From 1854-1866

A trade between the Province of Canada and the USA

Allowed the Province of Canada and the USA to trade raw materials and agricultural products without paying for custom duties

Allowed Canadians to take advantage of the vast American market (since the USA population is 10x larger than that of P.o.C)

Allowed Americans to import many natural resources from the Province of Canada

Canadian exports increase

Farming and Forestry industries benefit from this alliance

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49
Q

Identify the cause and effect of the Reciprocity Treaty. /9

A

1) Britain adopts free trade in 1846
2) Canada’s exports decrease
3) Canada needs a new market
4) Canada and the USA sign the Reciprocity Treaty in 1854
5) Canada’s exports increase
6) USA does not benefit from the Treaty as much as Canada
7) USA ends the Reciprocity Treaty in 1866
8) Canada needs a new partner/market (again)
9) Province of Canada consults to the British North American maritime colonies

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50
Q

Which regions make up the British North American maritime colonies? /4

A

Prince Edward Island

New Brunswick

Nova Scotia

Newfoundland

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51
Q

What was the consequence for the Province of Canada with the end of the Reciprocity Treaty with the USA in 1866? /2

A

The Province if Canada turned to the British North American maritime colonies to increase trade

Support to unite all the British North American colonies (P.o.C and BNA maritime colonies) grew to create a large economic unit

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52
Q

Identify the cause and effect of economic trade in the 1850-1560s ./2

A

Cause:
Province of Canada becomes trading partners with the USA and later on the BNA resulting in an increase of exports

Effect:
Railway network is developed to make transportation of goods/exports more efficient

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53
Q

What are the consequences of the railway network in the 1850s? /3

A

Goods can be transported all year round

Exports can be transported at long distances

The Grand Trunk 1852 is built (Toronto - Montreal - Parts of the USA) and increases over the years

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54
Q

Why does it take longer for Canada to expand its railways? /2

A

Expensive

Requires a lot of workers

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55
Q

What territory is wanted by both the US and the Province of Canada in the 1860s? For what reason? /2

A

The Prairies—Owned by the Hudson Bay Company(West of the Province of Canada)

To pursue expansion and development

56
Q

What event lead to by the USA threatened the Province of Canada in the 1860s?

A

American Threat

57
Q

What is the American Threat? /3

A

USA wanting to expand and colonize the Western territories in Canada

Manifest Destiny

Annexation of the Province of Canada

58
Q

What is the Manifest Destiny?

A

The ideology (prophecy) that is it the DESTINY of the USA to control the entire North American government

59
Q

What is annexation?

A

An action by which part or all of a state’s territory comes under the control of another state

60
Q

What measure did the Province of Canada impose to prevent the American Threat?

A

CONFEDERATION!!!!

They create the GREAT COALITION!

61
Q

Identify the cause and effect of Confederation 1864. /2

A

Cause:
American Threat

Effect:
Canadian politicians seek out solutions
The project to unite the British North American colonies took shape

62
Q

What is the Great Coalition? /8

A

1864-1867

An alliance formed by George Brown

Coalition government

Key players:
Clear Grit Party (George Brown)
Conservative Party (John A. Macdonald)
Parti Bleu (George-Étienne Cartier)

Introduced the idea of confederation of all British North American colonies

Improve the defence of the British colonies against the USA

Goal of making Canada INDEPENDENT

All fed up with ministerial instability

63
Q

What is a coalition government?

A

Government formed of the members of two or more political parties that have agreed to cooperate with each other

64
Q

What is confederation?

A

The association of several states that delegate some of their powers to a central government while maintaining their political authority

65
Q

What was one issue regarding the Confederation of 1864?

A

Members of the Great Coalition must first convince the government of other colonies of this proposal

66
Q

What is the Charlottetown Conference? /5

A

1864

Representatives of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia discuss the union of the maritime colonies

Province of Canada representatives MacDonald, Cartier and Brown intervene the conference to discuss/convince the union of all BNA colonies would be more beneficial

Colonies present at the Charlottetown conference agree the principle of federal union

Another conference is held in Québec City

67
Q

What is federalism?

A

A political system in which power is divided between two levels of government: federal and provincial

68
Q

What is the Quebec City conference? /6

A

Acceptance of federalism as a political structure for the union of the colonies

Adoption of the 72 resolutions

Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland don’t agree to the 72 resolutions

The division of power between two levels of government (fed and prov.)

Proportional representation of the members of the legislative assemblies of each province

The construction of a railway linking all of the provinces in the federal union

69
Q

Why did Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland not agree on the 72 resolutions? /2

A

Due to having the smallest population among all BNA colonies, proportional representation will result in them having few members in the Legislative Assembly

Worried about having to repay the dept accumulated by the Province of Canada (construction of canals and railways)

70
Q

Who supported and opposed the idea of confederation in 1860s? /2

A 
Support:
Nova Scotia 
New Brunswick 
Parti Bleu
Conservative Party
Clear Grit Party

Oppose:
Parti Rouge
Prince Edward Island
Newfoundland

71
Q

What is the London conference? /3

Consequence of Confederation/Great Coalition

A

1866

Representatives of the BNA colonies draft/submitted a bill based on the 72 resolutions adopted at the Quebec City conference

British Parliament adopts the British North America Act (BNA Act)
— Canada’s first constitution

72
Q

What political alliance in the Province of Canada prepared the way for confederation?

A

The Great Coalition

73
Q

What is a Dominion? /2

A

Autonomous member state of the British Commonwealth

Are a separate country BUT still part of the British empire (technically)

74
Q

What is the British North American Act of 1867? /5

A

BNA maritime colonies + Province of Canada = Dominion of Canada 1867

The king or queen of Britain remain Canada’s official head of state

Divides power into jurisdictions between federal and provincial governments

John A. MacDonald becomes the first Prime Minister

Provinces:
Québec
Ontario
New Brunswick 
Nova Scotia
75
Q

Identify the three causes of industrialization in the mid 19 century. /3

A

Development of domestic market

Population growth (natural increase + immigration)

Reciprocity Treaty with the USA

76
Q

What is mechanization? /2

A

The intensive use of machines to replace manual labour

Steam engine

77
Q

What effect did industrialization/mechanization have on craftspeople? /2(5)

A

Before:
Craftspeople worked with simple tools and perform each step on the manufactured good.

Process is slow and makes a limited amount of products

After:
Craftspeople can produce greater quantities of goods and a faster rate

Process is broken down in several tasks and given to several workers

Does not need any special training since it’s the same repetitive task

78
Q

What product/sources (development sectors) were exploited during the first phase of industrialization? /5

A 
Food:
Flour
Milk
Butter
Cheese
Bear
Sugar

Leather

Textiles

Tobacco

Timber/lumber

79
Q

What is industrial capitalism? /3

A

An economic system where members of a social class possess the capital and the means of production

Control a group of workers with the goal of increasing their own wealth

Promotes industrialization

80
Q

What is industrialization?

A

Transition from craftwork to factory production of goods

81
Q

What role did businessmen have on the economy in the mid 19th century? /5

A

Made profit by selling goods

Opened large factories that required major investments

Reinvesting the money made by selling their products to purchase more machinery or opening more factories

Supported by the federal government

Entrepreneurs ensure economic development

82
Q

How does the federal government support businessmen in the first phase of industrialization? /2

A

Building transportationinfrastructures (railways+ canals)

Adopting laws favorable to business

83
Q

What is capitalism?

A

An economic system which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit rather than by the federal government

84
Q

What effect did developing the railways network have on the economy? /5

A

Rapid access to raw materials

Shipping of manufactured products

Year round transportation

Colonization of new territories

Growth of a new industrial sector: manufacturing of railway equipment + installation of railway (new jobs)

Lead to the development of new economic sectors: forestry and metallurgy (materials used to build railways)

85
Q

What is the Intercolonial Railway? /4

A

1876

A railway link between the Maritimes and the Province of Canada

Linked the Grand Trunk railway to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick

1100 km long

86
Q

What is the forestry industry? /6

A

Took over as the main economic resource since the 19th century (took over the fur trade)

An effect from the development of mechanization and the expansion of rail networks

An effect from the Reciprocity Treaty

2 main products:
Lumber
Pulp and paper

Opened new jobs

Development of new regions: KNOW HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM ON MAPS
Mauricie
Outaouais
Saguenay

87
Q

What was the connection between the forestry industry and the expansion of the rail networks? /2

A

Due to the expansion of rail networks in the mid 19th century, more material was needed to build those railways.

This resulted in the development of the forestry industry to increase as people were needed to work in providing the materials and building the railway itself (logging camps).

88
Q

What are logging camps? /4

A

Forestry industry

Canadians worked in logging camps in the winter

Standard living improves (result)

Small logging camps grow and expand

89
Q

What is a Métis? /2

A

A person whose mother and father are NOT from the same origin

In Canada, offspring of European and First Nation descent

90
Q

What effect did the first phase of industrialization have on farming? /2

A

Crop diversification begins (wheat, potatoes, oats,animal husbandry,etc)

Farms became mechanized (use of machines)

91
Q

Why does dairy production increase in the 1870s? /4

A

Requires few employees

Less vulnerable to weather changes

Results in a greater diversity of products (milk, cheese, butter, etc)

Becomes the most important agricultural industry at the end of the 19th century

92
Q

What do farmers benefit from crop diversification? /3

A

Adapt to growing population

Adapt to new markets

Can continue business if in case a disease kills one of their crops

93
Q

What is the process of capitalism? /5

A

1) Owners hire workers
2) Workers manufacture goods
3) Owners make profit from goods manufactured by workers
4) Owners invest profits to buy more machines
5) Build more factories

94
Q

What consequence (bad) did industrialization have on the working class? Describe it. /2(18)

A 
Working conditions are poor:
Several/severe injuries
Pay is deducted when equipment is provided to that worker
Depressing/bleak atmosphere 
Low wages (to low to support a family)
Long hours (up to 72hours a week)
Child labour 
Women and children are paid less than men
Unsanitary/ poorly ventilated
Living conditions are poor:
Immense amount of air pollution
Unsanitary dwellings
Small dwellings for large families
No electricity
No running water (sewage system)
Located close to factories 
Epidemics emerged
High mortality rate (especially for children)
95
Q

What solutions could been provided to improve both living and working conditions? /5

A

Build a sewage system

Waste removal

Water purification

Public health campaigns

Vaccination campaigns

96
Q

What are unions? What was the objective of unions? /3

A

Organization of WORKERS forming to protect their rights and interests

Demanded for better working conditions:
Reduce working hours
Insurance in case of illness or accident
No child labour
Recognition of the rights of unionized workers

Led to strikes

97
Q

What is a consequence from the formation of unions? /4

A

Federal government recognized the need to protect workers’ health and safety and to regulate factory work

Government adopts measures that meet the demands of the union workers

1885: Québec Factories Act

1889:
Royal Commission on labour
Capital recommends adopting better working conditions

98
Q

What is the Quebec Factories Act 1885? /4

A

Minimum working age for boys is 12 y/o

Minimum working age for girls is 14 y/o

60hrs/week for women

72hrs/week for men

99
Q

What is the Royal Commission?

A

A study funded by the government to find solutions to certain problems

100
Q

What is rural exodus?

A

The migration of populations from rural regions o cities/industrial centres

101
Q

What is urbanization?

A

The concentration of the population in cities

102
Q

What is the connection between rural exodus and urbanization in the late 19th century (1861-1891)?

A

People move to the cities in hopes of finding employment in the cities

103
Q

What promotes rural exodus? /2

A

INDUSTRIALIZATION led to displacement of the population from the rural regions to the cities (CONNECTION: industrialization and urbanization)

Expanding industries required more labour and factories were concentrated in large cities

104
Q

Why did rural exodus swerved towards the United States? /3

A

Overpopulation of the Vallée du Saint-Laurent’s farmland (seigneuries)

Soil is no longer fertile for harvests (bad harvests)

Workers were attracted by the successful industries in the cities of the USA

105
Q

What effect did people emigrating to the United States have in the Quebec government? /3

A

Government and Catholic Church are worried that the Francophone population will become more the minority within Canada

Start organizing agricultural colonization programs in Saguenay, Lac-Saint-Jean, Laurentides, Outaouais

Québec population growth decreases ( grows slower)
|
|-> emigration surpasses immigration from 1861-1901

106
Q

What are the consequences of colonizing new areas in the late 19th century? /4

A

Solve the problem of unemployment

Prevent people from leaving the province

Settlement territory increases

Cause a conflict between the Quebec government and the First Nations inhabiting the west (Métis)

107
Q

What causes a huge increase in population in Quebec in the 1840s? /2

A

Irish immigration (Great Potato Famine) 1845

Immigrants from:
British Isles (mostly)
Northern Europe
United States

108
Q

What is ultramontanism? /7

A

Introduced in the 1840s

Political and RELIGIOUS doctrine according to which the Catholic Church exercises control in all spheres of society, particularly with respect to political power

Traditional value

Pope has the ultimate power

Priest tells the people who they should vote for (political)

Church has influence over education

Defence against the assimilation of French Canadians

109
Q

What is nationalism? /2

A

A sense of belonging to a nation or a territory

A political ideology in which a group of individuals who share common characteristics identify as a nation

110
Q

What characteristics identify French Canadian identity? /4

A

Catholic faith

French culture and language

Traditional way of life (farmland and rural life)

Traditional family structure (father is the authority figure)

111
Q

What is nationalism of survival? /2

A

A nationalism believing that maintaining…
-Catholic faith/church
-French culture and language
…is essential to the cultural survival of the French Canadians in North America

ONLY THE CHURCH CAN PROTECT THE IDENTITY OF FRENCH CANADIANS

112
Q

What is anticlericalism? /2

A

A position opposing the influence o the Church in spheres other than religious life

Supported by:
Parti Rouge
l’Institut Canadien

113
Q

Who is l’Institut Canadien? /7

A

Group of young professionals and intellectuals

Challenged the power of the Church (ultramontanism)

Organized debates and conferences/public lectures about various topics

Owned a library containing books all banned by the Vatican (Church), such as book on:

  • Literature
  • Philosophy
  • Science
  • Law

Published a newspaper, l’Avenir, to announce their ideology

Founded in Montreal

Active in Montreal and Quebec

114
Q

Identify a consequence from people opposing ultramontanism. /3

A

The pope condemned all members of l’institut Canadien

Excommunicated all members of l’institut Canadien

L’institut Canadien canut down in 1877

115
Q

Identify consequences after the establishment of the British North America Act in 1867? /4

A

Canada buys Rupert’s Land from the Hudson Bay Company

The Dominion of Canada gains a vast territory in the west and 3 more provinces:
British Columbia
Prince Edward Island
Northwest Territories

Manitoba is created in 1870 (Provisional government)

Economic challenges and political tensions between the federal and provincial governments

116
Q

Why does the federal government want to colonize the west? How do the Métis feel about this program? /2(4)

A
  • Offer a place of settlement for new Canadians (immigrants)
  • Create a larger economic base to promote the Dominion’s development
  • Protect the undefended lands of the West from American annexation (American Threat)

Métis reaction:
Métis are worried they would lose their lands as well as their way of life and culture

117
Q

What causes the Red River Rebellion 1869? /4

A

Canadian government set out to colonize the lands the Métis have settled
⬇️
The government sent out surveyors to divide the land into grants for the colonists
⬇️
Louis Riel, leader of the National Committee of Métis, disrupts the work of the surveyors
⬇️
National Committee of Métis form a provisional government to negotiate the entry of their territory into the Dominion of Canada

118
Q

What is the purpose of the Red River Rebellion of 1869? /2

A

Métis demand that the federal government recognize their territorial, religious, language rights and a seat in the House of Commons

Led by Louis Riel

119
Q

What is a provisional government?

A

Temporary government set up during or after a war/revolution/rebellion while waiting the establishment of a permanent government

120
Q

Who is Louis Riel? /4

A

Leader of the National Committee of Métis

Defended Métis human rights

Was sent to an asylum for 2 years because her believed God spoke directly to him during the rebellions

Led both the Red River Rebellion and the North-West Rebellion

121
Q

What caused the North-West Rebellion 1885? /3

A

Massive influx of colonists in the Dominion of Canada

Extension of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR)

Result of decrease in hunting and fishing territories

Canadian surveyors (AGAIN!) moved further west into Métis and First Nation territory to colonize

122
Q

What is the North-West Rebellion 1885? /3

A

Resistance organized by Louis Riel and Gabriel Dumont

Failed Rebellion

Louis Riel, some Métis and First Nations are arrested and charged with treason, later in executed

123
Q

Why did the North-West Rebellion/Resistance fail? /3

A

Louis Riel believed God was the only support they needed.

Based his mindset off religion and miracles

Louis Riel wanted no one to get hurt and disagreed on the use of weapons

124
Q

What effect did Louis Riel’s death have on the population of the Dominions of Canada? /3

A

Tension (politically mostly) rose between French Canadians and English Canadians (when is there not a conflict between those two!?)

French:
Supported Louis Riel
Saw Louis Riel as a symbol of defending French Canadian culture and values
Believed the federal government did not respect minority rights

English:
Opposed Louis Riel
Believed he deserved to be executed

125
Q

What is the Indian Act 1876? /5

A

Purpose to assimilate indigenous people (AGAIN!!!)

Aboriginals are incapable to vote or recognized as a citizen in Canada until 1960

Natives are pushed onto reserves

Residential schools are introduced to ASSIMILATE the Native culture through education

Indigenous traditional way of life is threatened

ITS RACIST

126
Q

What event and causes result in the birth of the National Policy? /2(4)

A

Event:
Dominion of Canada faces a recession (economic decline) in 1873

Cause:
Bank failures
Unemployment
Agricultural product prices are decreasing (main source of economy)

127
Q

Why is the economic recession in 1873 beneficial to the USA? /2

A

It allows the USA to take over the land in the west (Manifest Destiny)

Canada is too busy securing their economy to plan a defence/retaliation against the USA

128
Q

What is the National Policy 1879? /5

A

Adopted by Canada’s first Prime Minister: John A. Macdonald

Purpose:
Encourage the Dominion’s industrial development
Protect Canadian businesses from American competition
Increase settlement in Western Canada to develop land and domestic market

Protectionism (economic policy)

Objective:
Increase custom duties (protectionist tarifs)
Expansion of Rail network
Population growth via immigration in Western Canada

Birth of the Canadian Pacific Railway

129
Q

Identify the cause and effect of the National Policy 1879. /2(6)

A

Cause:
American manufactured products are cheaper than Canadian products
Greater number of business and higher production/profit in the USA

Effect:
Custom duties are imposed on American products
Decrease in American exports to Canada (that’s good!)
Increase production in Canada
Stimulate the development of Canadian industries

130
Q

What is the Canadian Pacific Railway 1885? /4

A

Objective:
Link the provinces
Increase trade between the different regions in the Dominion

A transcontinental railway: extending across a continent

Part of the National Policy

Railway that facilitates the circulation of goods and immigration

131
Q

What is the connection between the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway and the development of the Dominion?

A

As the dominion of Canada increase in territory, the Canadian Pacific Railway is built to allow easy transportation for not only immigrants to colonize those new regions but to also increase the Dominion’s economy through the exploitation of new resources

132
Q

What part did immigrating to the West play in the National Policy? /6

A

Allows Canada to claim and colonize the kind

Turn Western Canada into Canada’s bread-basket (money bringer) with its fertile lands for agriculture

More people manufacturing more goods for foreign export

More FARMERS growing enough wheat to feed the Canadian population (with its fertile lands)

Constituting a market for goods produced in CANADIAN FACTORIES (remember why National Policy was adopted?)

Promoting the development of the domestic market

133
Q

How did Canada/John A. MacDonald attract immigrants to the Dominion of Canada? /3

A

Promised future immigrants FREE LAND for suitable farming in Western Canada

Posted immigrant campaigns in Europe to target mostly British and Eastern Europeans

Showed the summer season photos in posters rather than the winter season to attract more immigrants to colonize the West

134
Q

What is provincial autonomy? /2

A

An ideology to which the federal government is PROHIBITED FROM INTERVENING in jurisdictions that fall under the responsibility of the provinces

PROVINCIAL INDEPENDENCE FROM THE FEDERAL GOVENREMNT

135
Q

Who is Honoré Mercier? /6

A

Leader of the Parti National

Premier of Québec 1887-1891

Opened new areas of colonization

Demanded the decentralization of power

Promoted provincial autonomy

Defend French Canadian nationalism

136
Q

Identify the cause of the ideology of decentralization. /3

A

Part of the population of Canada believed the federal government was not protecting the rights of Francophone Catholic minorities outside of Quebec

Provinces demand a greater share of tax revenue

Demand the federal government respect their areas of jurisdictions

137
Q

What effect did the first interprovincial conference 1887 have on the provinces? /4

A

Canada grants the provinces certain tax revenue

Allows the provinces maintain full control over education and healthcare

Federal government can ONLY INTERVENE IN THE EVENT OF A CRISIS

Canadian federation is a little less centralized

History Sec 4 (4 decks)

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