Chapter 3

Question 1

Epistemology

Answer 1

The origin and nature of knowledge.

Question 2

Control:

Answer 2

Reliable procedures that ensure confidence.

Question 3

Observation:

Answer 3

Objective in nature, free of bias.

We need consistent observations between observers.

Question 4

Recursive process:

Answer 4

Once you complete one loop you start back over.

Question 5

Variables

Answer 5

Whatever we’re interested in!

Question 6

Dichotomous

Answer 6

Only two options are provided.

Ex: Male or Female, Young or Old, On or Off.

Question 7

Continuous

Answer 7

3 or more options.

Ex- ethnicity boxes on EOG’s, AA, Pacific Islander, White, etc.

Question 8

Extraneous variables:

Answer 8

Things you could have measured but didn’t. EXTRA!

Ex: what makes a good basketball player? Tattoos? No. Tattoos would be a variable that you would not consider.

Question 9

Confounding variable:

Answer 9

Variables which did not make your map but that SHOULD’VE.
Ex- more education= better nutrition.
What is missing? the $$$ you need to eat healthy.

Question 10

Mediating Variable

Answer 10

Explain the relationship between two or more variables.

More education=better job=more money= better food.

Question 11

Moderating variable

Answer 11

Lessen the impact of other variables. Ex: Eating before drinking.

Question 12

Grit/Tenacity:

Answer 12

Ability to endure/ keep going.

Question 13

Reversible relationships:

Answer 13

One leads to the other and it doesn’t matter which comes 1st.
Ex- success/practice

Question 14

Irreversible Relationships:

Answer 14

One leads to the other and in only one direction. Ex: quality of university attended & first job.

Question 15

Deterministic Relationship

Answer 15

One thing leads to another. All change in B is due to A and only A.
Ex- gravity: what goes up must come down!

Question 16

Stochastic Relationship

Answer 16

Probable relationships. If A then sometimes B.

Question 17

Sequential relationships:

Answer 17

Order matters. A leads to B, leads to C, leads to D.

Ex- pre k, elem, middle, high school, college.

Question 18

Coextensive relationship:

Answer 18

Things happen at the same time. Ex- making pies, all ingredients are baked at the same time.

Question 19

Sufficient relationship

Answer 19

Required level of a variable to bring about an effect.

Ex: receiving a DUI, you must blow greater than equal to .08.

Question 20

Contingent relationships:

Answer 20

Multiple variables are in play which are necessary.

Question 21

Necessary relationships:

Answer 21

One variable must be present for an event occur.

Question 22

Substitutional Relationships:

Answer 22

Different variables will give us the same results.

Question 23

Constitutive:

Answer 23

Words.

Ex: “not for little kids” Carowinds sign.

Question 24

Operational definitions:

Answer 24

Give you a numerical construct. How can we measure this?

Ex: “you must be 3 feet tall”

Question 25

Measured Operational Definition:

Answer 25

Tells you how to measure it, how something is obtained.

Question 26

Inborn Mathematical Ability:

Answer 26

How long infants stared at numbers that did not add up in comparison to those that did.

Question 27

Hypotheses:

Answer 27

A falsifiable prediction.

Question 28

Statistical Hypothesis:

Answer 28

“How much?” Express the outcome in mathematical terms.

Question 29

High-Argumentativeness

Answer 29

Two standard deviations from those who are low in argumentativeness.

Question 30

Experimental Operational Definition:

Answer 30

What did you do?
Clear directions?
“give me the recipe”

Question 31

Null hypothesis

Answer 31

Allows you to distinguish between random variation and some genuine objective relationship.
“My results are simply due to chance.”

Question 32

Alternate Forms Reliability

Answer 32

Variation in items should achieve the same result.

Ex- 3 different test forms, same performance from students regardless of test.

Question 33

Inter-item reliability

Answer 33

Everyone reports the same results

Question 34

Validity

Answer 34

Are you measuring what you say you measure?

Question 35

Face validity:

Answer 35

To a reasonable observes, does this look right? Does it look like you’re measuring the right thing?

Question 36

Content Validity:

Answer 36

Are you covering all aspects of the research area appropriately?

Question 37

Criterion validity:

Answer 37

How does your measure compare to others?

Question 38

Predictive Validity:

Answer 38

Is your measure useful in the future?

GPA example as a predictor for future success.

Question 39

Concurrent Validity

Answer 39

We almost all agree. My measure fits w everyone else.

Question 40

Construct Validity:

Answer 40

Your measure should relate to similar measures not only mathematically, but logically as well.

Question 41

External Validity:

Answer 41

Can you generalize to the larger population?

Positive stereotyping: People are similar.

Question 42

Nominal Measures:

Answer 42

Sorts people/things into categories.
Male-Female
Weekdays-Weekends
Taurus/Virgo

Question 43

Ordinal

Answer 43

No clear measure between levels, however introduces hierarchy. (Top ten, rank order, etc)
Ex: Lebron james and I play basketball he wins so I take second, he takes first but clearly I’m not the second best basketball player in the world.

Question 44

Interval:

Answer 44

Defined difference between levels. 
Ex- grade scale 
70-79 C
80-89 B
90-100 A

Question 45

Ratio level:

Answer 45

There is a defined difference between levels and you can get a zero!

Question 46

Likert Scale:

Answer 46

5 point scale. Ex: rating things 1-5 or 5-1.

Measures attitudes/beliefs

Question 47

Behavioral observation:

Answer 47

Watching people’s behaviors.

Issues here may be with coding and making sure situations are all encoded the same.