Chapter 3:

Question 1

What are structural formulas?

Answer 1

Formulas that are more descriptive than chemical formulas because they show us how atoms are bonded together

Question 2

What is the stability of noble gases related to?

Answer 2

The number of electrons in the atom

Question 3

How can atoms achieve stable electron numbers?

Answer 3

By sharing or transferring electrons

Question 4

What are valence electrons?

Answer 4

Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom

Question 5

What is an ionic bond explained by?

Answer 5

The attraction between positive and negative ions resulting from the transfer of one or more valence electrons

Question 6

What is a covalent bond explained by?

Answer 6

The attraction by the nuclei of atoms for valence electrons that they share between them

Question 7

Why do only valence electrons matter for bonding?

Answer 7

Because electron that are closer to the nucleus are held more tightly and can’t be moved

Question 8

What is an orbital?

Answer 8

A region of space around an atom’s nucleus where an electron may exist

Question 9

What is a bonding electron?

Answer 9

A single electron in a orbital that is available to bond with another electron

Question 10

What is a lone pair?

Answer 10

2 electrons occupying the same orbital

Question 11

What are lewis symbols?

Answer 11

Electron diagrams that represent the number of valence electrons in an atom

Question 12

What does the element symbol represent in a lewis diagram?

Answer 12

It represent the nucleus and all of the non-valence electrons

Question 13

What is electronegativity?

Answer 13

The ability of an atom attract bonding electrons to it valence level

Question 14

What cause covalent bonding?

Answer 14

When the electronegativities are both relatively high neither will win and the bonding electrons will be shared by both atoms

Question 15

What does ionic bonding depend on?

Answer 15

If the electronegativities of 2 atoms have a large difference the atom with the larger electronegativity will take the electron

Question 16

What is the overall charge on ionic compounds?

Answer 16

Neutral because of the way they arrange themselves

Question 17

What shape do ionic compounds arrange themselves in?

Answer 17

A crystal lattice

Question 18

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 18

If both atoms have relatively low electronegativities the atoms share valence electrons because they are not held very strongly by their atoms. The valence electrons act like a sea that holds the positivity

Question 19

Why are molecular formulas different from ionic formulas?

Answer 19

Because they show how the atoms are bonded in molecular formulas

Question 20

What is bonding capacity?

Answer 20

The maximum number of single covalent bonds that an atom can form. It is determined by the number of bonding electrons

Question 21

What is a coordinate covalent bond?

Answer 21

When an atom donates 2 electrons to another atom so they both have 8

Question 22

What is a molecular formula?

Answer 22

A type of formula that shows how the atoms are bonded. ex. CH3COOH

Question 23

What does a lewis diagram show?

Answer 23

It shows how the valence electrons are bonded using dots

Question 24

What does a structural formula show?

Answer 24

It uses lines to show how atoms are bonded

Question 25

What is stereochemistry?

Answer 25

The study of 3D spatial configuration of molucules

Question 26

What does VSEPR stand for?

Answer 26

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

Question 27

What is VSEPR theory based on?

Answer 27

The electrical repulsion of bonded and unbonded pairs in a molecule that aim to stay as far apart as possible

Question 28

What do 2 bond pairs and 0 lone pairs form?

Answer 28

Linear | X - A - X

Question 29

What do 3 bond pairs and 0 lone pairs form?

Answer 29

``` Trigonal Planar X l A / \ X X ```

Question 30

What do 4 bond pairs 0 lone pairs form?

Answer 30

``` Tetrahedral X l A E | \ X W X ```

Question 31

What do 3 bond pairs 1 lone pair form?

Answer 31

``` Trigonal Pyramid A / | \ / | \ X W X ```

Question 32

What do 2 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs form

Answer 32

Angular

Question 33

What does 1 bond pairs and 3 lone pairs form?

Answer 33

Linear

Question 34

How is the rate that hydrocarbons react affected by bonds?

Answer 34

- Hydrocarbons with multiple bonds react very quickly | - Hydrocarbons with single bonds react slowly

Question 35

What is a polar molecule?

Answer 35

A molecule in which the negative charge is not distributed evenly

Question 36

What are the polar molecules?

Answer 36

- Different atoms together - Nitrogen and other atoms - Oxygen and other atoms - Carbon and two other kinds of atoms

Question 37

What are the non-polar molecules?

Answer 37

- All elements | - Containing carbon and one type of other molecule

Question 38

When will a nonpolar covalent bond be formed?

Answer 38

When 2 atoms have the same electronegativity so they share electrons equally

Question 39

When will atoms form a polar covalent bond?

Answer 39

When they have different electronegativities and do not share electrons equally

Question 40

What is a bond dipole?

Answer 40

The charge separation that occurs when there is an electronegativity difference

Question 41

What are intermolecular forces?

Answer 41

The forces of attraction and repulsion between molecules

Question 42

What are intramolecular forces?

Answer 42

The forces within a molecule

Question 43

What are the 2 Van Der Waals forces?

Answer 43

Dipole-Dipole force | London Force

Question 44

What are dipole-dipole forces?

Answer 44

Attraction between the positive and negative ends of polar molecules. They are very weak

Question 45

What are london forces?

Answer 45

Momentary dipole-dipole forces that occur when electron distribution is momentarily uneven

Question 46

How are electrons and boiling points related?

Answer 46

The lesser amount of electrons means the lower boiling point because it is easier to separate bonds

Question 47

What is hydrogen bonding?

Answer 47

An intermolecular force when a hydrogen nucleus could be shared between electrons on adjacent molecules

Question 48

What three atoms can be used in hydrogen bonding?

Answer 48

Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine