Chapter 3

Question 1

How does the First Law of Thermodynamics illustrate weight loss or gain?

Answer 1

The First Law of Thermodynamics: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; only changed from one form to another or transferred from one body to another. This means that if more calories(which equal energy) are consumed than calories burned(through physical activity/exercise) weight gain will occur. This happens because the excess calories(energy) have no where to go, so they are changed to another form(First Law of Thermodynamics) called fat and stored for future use. For weight loss to occur, the opposite must happen, more calories must be used than consumed, therefor the body must pull the extra energy it needs from somewhere within itself and that somewhere is from fat cells.

Question 2

Contributing elements to energy expenditure

Answer 2

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Thermic effect of feeding (TEF)
Physical Activity (PA)

Question 3

What does BMR stand for?

Answer 3

Basal Metabolic Rate

Question 4

Basal Metabolic Rate

Answer 4

The rate at which the body expends energy to maintain basic physiological survival and makes up the majority of daily expenditure, about 75%

Question 5

What does RMR stand for?

Answer 5

Resting Metabolic Rate

Question 6

How do you measure true BMR?

Answer 6

While the person is awake but lying still after a restful sleep and an overnight fast

Question 7

What does REE stand for?

Answer 7

Resting Energy Expenditure

Question 8

Common equations for measuring REE?

Answer 8

Harris & Benedict
MIfflin St. Jeor
Owen

Question 9

Owen equation for males and females for RMR

Answer 9

10. 2 x weight(kg) + 879

7. 18 x weight(kg) + 795

Question 10

What does TEF stand for?

Answer 10

Thermic Effect of Feeding

Question 11

What is the Thermic Effect of Feeding?

Answer 11

an estimation of the energy required to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize and store nutrients and makes up about 10% of energy expenditure

Question 12

What does PA stand for?

Answer 12

Physical Activity

Question 13

What is measured as Physical Activity in relation to energy expenditure regarding metabolic rates?

Answer 13

an estimation of energy required to support physical work outside of BMR
It makes up between 10-30% of total daily expenditure

Question 14

Set Point Theory

Answer 14

Body weight is maintained at a set level and deviations from the preferred set point are resisted a minimized by a feedback control system
-Explains reaching a plateau in weight loss

Question 15

How do genetics play a role in weight loss and weight gain?

Answer 15

Genetics encode proteins that play a role in the appetite system

Question 16

What are the three parts of the appetite system?

Answer 16

Appetite
Hunger
Satiation

Question 17

Define Appetite

Answer 17

A desire or interest to eat a specific food, usually sweet, salty or fatty.
Sensations of hunger, satiation and satiety that prompt a person to eat or not eat

Question 18

Define Hunger

Answer 18

Biological response where the body needs to replenish energy reserves
Sensations that promote food consumption and its multidimensional attribute with metabolic, sensory and cognitive facets

Question 19

Define Satiation

Answer 19

Contributes to the cessation of eating and a period of abstinence from eating will begin

Question 20

How do hormones play there part?

Answer 20

Controlling appetite and contributing to the energy regulation

Question 21

What are some environmental impacts on obesity

Answer 21

Fast food
Supersizing
Decreased Physical activity(elevators, cars, labor saving devices, video games, computers)
Media exposure
Fad Diets

Question 22

What does TDEE stand for?

Answer 22

Total Daily Energy Expenditure

Question 23

Harris & Benedict equation for males and females for RMR

Answer 23

Males: 88.362 + (13.397 x kg) x (4.799 x cm) - (5.677 x age)
Females: 447.593 + (9.247 x kg) + (3.098 x cm) - (4.33 x age)

Question 24

Mifflin St. Jeor equation for males and females for RMR

Answer 24

Males: (9.99 x kg) + (6.35 x cm) - (4.92 x age) + 5
Females: (9.99 x kg) + (6.35 x cm) - (4.92 x age) - 161

Question 25

What is the Energy gap?

Answer 25

When people lose weight with caloric(energy restriction) and create a total daily energy expenditure deficit simply by weight loss. This can be offset by increasing energy expenditure.