Chapter 3

Question 1

cell death caused by attack or injury

Answer 1

necrosis

Question 2

what surrounds the nuclear pore

Answer 2

glycoproteins

Question 3

what are the nuclear export signals that transport macromolecules from the ___ into the___

Answer 3

exportins, nucleus, cytoplasm

Question 4

nuclear pores permit communication between ___ and ___

Answer 4

cytoplasm and nucleus

Question 5

what 3 things does the nuclear lamina help do

Answer 5

1. organize/support lipid bilayer membrane 2. organize/support perinuclear chromatin 3. assemble vesicles to re-form the nuclear envelope following cell division

Question 6

____ degrade regulatory and structural proteins in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm

Answer 6

caspases

Question 7

what family of GTP-binding proteins regulate exporting and importing transport

Answer 7

ran

Question 8

after the cell ruptures during necrosis, cell contents are exposed to neighboring cells which initiates a ____

Answer 8

inflammatory response

Question 9

what are the non-membranous structures that are embedded in the rim of the nuclear pore

Answer 9

glycoproteins

Question 10

the nuclear matrix contains 10% ___, 30% ___, 1-3% ____, and 2-5% ___

Answer 10

protein, RNA, DNA, nuclear phosphate

Question 11

what is the nuclear envelope composed of

Answer 11

inner and outer nuclear membranes

Question 12

how many nucleoli are there typically per cell

Answer 12

no more than 2 or 3

Question 13

In malignant cells, the nucleolus may become ___

Answer 13

hypertrophic

Question 14

is the small amount of DNA in the nucleolus active or inactive

Answer 14

inactive

Question 15

when is activation of caspases induced

Answer 15

when certain cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), released by signaling cells, binds to the TNF receptor of the target cell

Question 16

The cell’s ribosomal subunits are organized and assembled within the ____, except those located in the ___.

Answer 16

nucleolus, mitochondria

Question 17

what is the largest organelle of the cell

Answer 17

nucleus

Question 18

the nucleolus is involved in what syntehsis

Answer 18

rRNA

Question 19

what membrane faces the cytoplasm and is continuous with the RER; it is also studded with ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface

Answer 19

outer nuclear

Question 20

what is the nucleus surrounded by

Answer 20

nuclear envelope

Question 21

what is the deeply staining dense non-membrane bounded structure within the nucleus

Answer 21

nucleolus

Question 22

the nucleolus stains basophilic with ____ and ___

Answer 22

hematoxylin and eosin

Question 23

what type of cell has extruded nuclei

Answer 23

red blood cells

Question 24

what is the center for ribosomal RNA

Answer 24

nucleolus

Question 25

what four things does the nucleoplasm consist of

Answer 25

interchromatxn and perichromatin granules, RNPs, and the nuclear matrix

Question 26

what are the 4 distinct areas of the nucleolus

Answer 26

fibrillar center, pars fibrosa, pars granulosa, nucleolar matrix

Question 27

where are snRNPS location

Answer 27

most in the nucleus, some in the nucleoli

Question 28

what is an example of a cell that possesses several nuclei

Answer 28

osteoclasts

Question 29

proteins that carry nucleocytoplasmic shuttling signals interact with ___

Answer 29

mRNA

Question 30

what separates the inner and outer nuclear membranes

Answer 30

perinuclear cistern

Question 31

TNF receptors are ____ proteins

Answer 31

transmembrane

Question 32

what mediates bidirectional traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Answer 32

group of target proteins

Question 33

what area of the nucleolus is a network of fibers active in the nucleolar organization

Answer 33

nucleolar matrix

Question 34

apoptosis is regulated by highly conserved genes that code for which family of enzymes

Answer 34

caspases

Question 35

what two things is the inner nuclear membrane is in close contact with

Answer 35

nucleoplasm and nuclear lamina

Question 36

the interchromatin granules contain ___ and ___, what is their function

Answer 36

RNPs and several enzymes, function is unclear

Question 37

the nucleus possesses a _____ that is continuous with the ____ of the cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope. This reticulum houses nuclear ____ that functions within the nucleus.

Answer 37

nucleoplasmic reticulum , endoplasmic reticulum, calcium

Question 38

what makes up the nuclear pore complex

Answer 38

nuclear pore, associated glycoproteins, cytoplasmic fibers, a transporter, nuclear basket

Question 39

what are the nuclear localization signals that transport cargo (protein subunits of ribosomes) from the ___ into the ___

Answer 39

importins, cytoplasm, nucleus

Question 40

what is the genetic material of the cell

Answer 40

chromatin

Question 41

what is the term for cells driven into the genetically determined process of dying

Answer 41

programmed cell death (apoptosis)

Question 42

what are the 3 major components of the nucleus

Answer 42

chromatin, nucleolus, nucleoplasm

Question 43

what area of the nucleolus that assembles maturing ribosomal subunits

Answer 43

pars granulosa

Question 44

what does the group of target proteins contain

Answer 44

nuclear localization signals, nuclear export signals

Question 45

the nuclear pore functions in ___ ____ ___

Answer 45

bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport

Question 46

what are the structural components of the nuclear matrix

Answer 46

nuclear pore-nuclear lamina complex, residual nucleoli, residual RNP networks, fibrillar elements

Question 47

what contains macromolecules and nuclear particles involved in the maintenance of the cell

Answer 47

nucleoplasm

Question 48

Cells die as a result of what 5 factors

Answer 48

acute injury, accidents, lack of vascular supply, destruction by pathogens or the immune system, genetic programming

Question 49

how are large particles transported through the nuclear pore complex

Answer 49

must have a receptor to bind to

Question 50

Functionally, the nuclear matrix is associated with: ____ sites, ___ and ___ transcription and processing, ____ receptor binding, ____ proteins, ____ binding, ____ viruses, and ___ proteins

Answer 50

``` DNA replication sites, rRNA and mRNA transcription and processing, Steroid receptor binding, Heat shock proteins, Carcinogen binding, DNA viruses, Viral proteins ```

Question 51

snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleic particles) participate in ___, ___, and ____ hnRNPs.

Answer 51

splicing, cleaving, transporting

Question 52

what additional functions does the nucleolus perform (6)

Answer 52

regulate cytokinesis, Inactivating mitotic cyclin dependent kinases, modifying small RNAs that moderate and modify pre-rRNA, assemble RNP, engage in nuclear export, play a role in aging

Question 53

what is the pale staining center containing inactive DNA (not being transcribed

Answer 53

fibrillar center

Question 54

the nuclear side of the enveloped is lined by what; it is a network of intermediate filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus

Answer 54

nuclear lamina

Question 55

what membrane faces the nuclear contents

Answer 55

inner nuclear

Question 56

what area of the nucleolus contains nucleolar RNAs being transcribed

Answer 56

pars fibrosa

Question 57

what is formed when the nuclear envelope is perforated at various intervals

Answer 57

nuclear pores

Question 58

The size, shape, and form of the nucleus are generally constant for a particular cell type, a fact useful in clinical diagnoses of the degree of ____ of certain ___ cells

Answer 58

malignancy of certain cancerous cells.