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Histology - Ingold > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

cell death caused by attack or injury

A

necrosis

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2
Q

what surrounds the nuclear pore

A

glycoproteins

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3
Q

what are the nuclear export signals that transport macromolecules from the ___ into the___

A

exportins, nucleus, cytoplasm

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4
Q

nuclear pores permit communication between ___ and ___

A

cytoplasm and nucleus

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5
Q

what 3 things does the nuclear lamina help do

A
  1. organize/support lipid bilayer membrane 2. organize/support perinuclear chromatin 3. assemble vesicles to re-form the nuclear envelope following cell division
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6
Q

____ degrade regulatory and structural proteins in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm

A

caspases

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7
Q

what family of GTP-binding proteins regulate exporting and importing transport

A

ran

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8
Q

after the cell ruptures during necrosis, cell contents are exposed to neighboring cells which initiates a ____

A

inflammatory response

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9
Q

what are the non-membranous structures that are embedded in the rim of the nuclear pore

A

glycoproteins

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10
Q

the nuclear matrix contains 10% ___, 30% ___, 1-3% ____, and 2-5% ___

A

protein, RNA, DNA, nuclear phosphate

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11
Q

what is the nuclear envelope composed of

A

inner and outer nuclear membranes

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12
Q

how many nucleoli are there typically per cell

A

no more than 2 or 3

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13
Q

In malignant cells, the nucleolus may become ___

A

hypertrophic

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14
Q

is the small amount of DNA in the nucleolus active or inactive

A

inactive

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15
Q

when is activation of caspases induced

A

when certain cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), released by signaling cells, binds to the TNF receptor of the target cell

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16
Q

The cell’s ribosomal subunits are organized and assembled within the ____, except those located in the ___.

A

nucleolus, mitochondria

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17
Q

what is the largest organelle of the cell

A

nucleus

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18
Q

the nucleolus is involved in what syntehsis

A

rRNA

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19
Q

what membrane faces the cytoplasm and is continuous with the RER; it is also studded with ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface

A

outer nuclear

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20
Q

what is the nucleus surrounded by

A

nuclear envelope

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21
Q

what is the deeply staining dense non-membrane bounded structure within the nucleus

A

nucleolus

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22
Q

the nucleolus stains basophilic with ____ and ___

A

hematoxylin and eosin

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23
Q

what type of cell has extruded nuclei

A

red blood cells

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24
Q

what is the center for ribosomal RNA

A

nucleolus

25
Q

what four things does the nucleoplasm consist of

A

interchromatxn and perichromatin granules, RNPs, and the nuclear matrix

26
Q

what are the 4 distinct areas of the nucleolus

A

fibrillar center, pars fibrosa, pars granulosa, nucleolar matrix

27
Q

where are snRNPS location

A

most in the nucleus, some in the nucleoli

28
Q

what is an example of a cell that possesses several nuclei

A

osteoclasts

29
Q

proteins that carry nucleocytoplasmic shuttling signals interact with ___

A

mRNA

30
Q

what separates the inner and outer nuclear membranes

A

perinuclear cistern

31
Q

TNF receptors are ____ proteins

A

transmembrane

32
Q

what mediates bidirectional traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasm

A

group of target proteins

33
Q

what area of the nucleolus is a network of fibers active in the nucleolar organization

A

nucleolar matrix

34
Q

apoptosis is regulated by highly conserved genes that code for which family of enzymes

A

caspases

35
Q

what two things is the inner nuclear membrane is in close contact with

A

nucleoplasm and nuclear lamina

36
Q

the interchromatin granules contain ___ and ___, what is their function

A

RNPs and several enzymes, function is unclear

37
Q

the nucleus possesses a _____ that is continuous with the ____ of the cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope.
This reticulum houses nuclear ____ that functions within the nucleus.

A

nucleoplasmic reticulum , endoplasmic reticulum, calcium

38
Q

what makes up the nuclear pore complex

A

nuclear pore, associated glycoproteins, cytoplasmic fibers, a transporter, nuclear basket

39
Q

what are the nuclear localization signals that transport cargo (protein subunits of ribosomes) from the ___ into the ___

A

importins, cytoplasm, nucleus

40
Q

what is the genetic material of the cell

A

chromatin

41
Q

what is the term for cells driven into the genetically determined process of dying

A

programmed cell death (apoptosis)

42
Q

what are the 3 major components of the nucleus

A

chromatin, nucleolus, nucleoplasm

43
Q

what area of the nucleolus that assembles maturing ribosomal subunits

A

pars granulosa

44
Q

what does the group of target proteins contain

A

nuclear localization signals, nuclear export signals

45
Q

the nuclear pore functions in ___ ____ ___

A

bidirectional nucleocytoplasmic transport

46
Q

what are the structural components of the nuclear matrix

A

nuclear pore-nuclear lamina complex, residual nucleoli, residual RNP networks, fibrillar elements

47
Q

what contains macromolecules and nuclear particles involved in the maintenance of the cell

A

nucleoplasm

48
Q

Cells die as a result of what 5 factors

A

acute injury, accidents, lack of vascular supply, destruction by pathogens or the immune system, genetic programming

49
Q

how are large particles transported through the nuclear pore complex

A

must have a receptor to bind to

50
Q

Functionally, the nuclear matrix is associated with: ____ sites, ___ and ___ transcription and processing, ____ receptor binding, ____ proteins, ____ binding, ____ viruses, and ___ proteins

A 
DNA replication sites,
rRNA and mRNA transcription and processing,
Steroid receptor binding,
Heat shock proteins,
Carcinogen binding,
DNA viruses,
Viral proteins
51
Q

snRNPs (small nuclear ribonucleic particles) participate in ___, ___, and ____ hnRNPs.

A

splicing, cleaving, transporting

52
Q

what additional functions does the nucleolus perform (6)

A

regulate cytokinesis, Inactivating mitotic cyclin dependent kinases, modifying small RNAs that moderate and modify pre-rRNA, assemble RNP, engage in nuclear export, play a role in aging

53
Q

what is the pale staining center containing inactive DNA (not being transcribed

A

fibrillar center

54
Q

the nuclear side of the enveloped is lined by what; it is a network of intermediate filaments that maintain the shape of the nucleus

A

nuclear lamina

55
Q

what membrane faces the nuclear contents

A

inner nuclear

56
Q

what area of the nucleolus contains nucleolar RNAs being transcribed

A

pars fibrosa

57
Q

what is formed when the nuclear envelope is perforated at various intervals

A

nuclear pores

58
Q

The size, shape, and form of the nucleus are generally constant for a particular cell type, a fact useful in clinical diagnoses of the degree of ____ of certain ___ cells

A

malignancy of certain cancerous cells.

Histology - Ingold (6 decks)

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