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Histology - Ingold > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the living substance of the cell

A

protoplasm

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2
Q

two compartments of protoplasm

A

cytoplasm, karyoplasm

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3
Q

___ extends from the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope; it contains ___

A

cytoplasm, cytosol

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4
Q

__ forms contents of nucleus

A

karyoplasm

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5
Q

the ___ is a system of tubules and filaments

A

cytoskeleton

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6
Q

the ___ consists of metabolic by-products, storage forms of nutrients, or inert crystals and pigment

A

inclusions

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7
Q

___ (aka ___ or ___)forms a selectively permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and environment

A

cell membrane, plasmalemma or unit membrane

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8
Q

7 functions of the cell membrane

A

maintaining structural integrity, controlling movement in and out, regulating cell-cell interactions, recognition, acts as an interface between the cytoplasm and external milieu, establish transport systems, transfusing extracellular physical or chemical signals into intracellular events

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9
Q

the plasmalemma is composed of a ___, associated __ and __ proteins

A

phospholipid bilayer, integral, peripheral

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10
Q

the inner ( cytoplasmic) dense line of the cell membrane is its ____

A

inner leaflet

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11
Q

the ____ molecule is composed of a ___ head and a ___ tail; the molecule is said to be ____ because of this

A

phospholipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphipathic

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12
Q

what proteins can be seen only inside the cell

A

peripheral

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13
Q

what proteins can be seen inside and outside of cell

A

integral (transmembrane)

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14
Q

what proteins are folded, therefore they make several passes through the membrane

A

multipass transmembrane

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15
Q

the polar heads and non polar tails of the phospholipid bilayer project where

A

into the plasmalemma

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16
Q

2 other amphipathic molecules are present in the CM

A

glycolipids and cholesterol

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17
Q

___ (fuzzy coat) coats the cell surface and is usually composed of ___ chains

A

glycocalyx, carbohydrate

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18
Q

what protects the cell from interacting with inappropriate proteins, also protection from chemical and physical inj

A

glycocalyx

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19
Q

what facilitates movement of h2o mols and ions across the hydrophobic(middle) plasmalemma

A

transport proteins (aka channel proteins)

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20
Q

what type of proteins can be gated or ungated and they work ___ the concentration gradient

A

channel, with

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21
Q

5 channels

A

voltage, ligand, mechanically, G-protein, ungated

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22
Q

2 types of ligand channels

A

neurotransmitter, nucleotide

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23
Q

___ proteins can use ATP mechanisms to carry subs. across plasmalemma AGAINST concentration gradient

A

carrier

24
Q

3 cell surface receptors

A

ion-channel linked, enzyme-linked, G-protein linked

25
Q

3 primary components of the protein synthetic machinery of the cell

A

ribosomes (and polyribosomes), RER, golgi app

26
Q

steroid hormones can live for how long

A

several hours or days

27
Q

hydrophilic ligands can live for how long

A

milliseconds to minutes

28
Q

___ are cell surface receptors that fxn in recognizing signaling mols & transduce the signal into an ___ action

A

integral glycoproteins, intracellular

29
Q

ribosomes fxn as a surface for ____

A

protein synthesis

30
Q

the large and small subunit of the ribosome is made in the ___ and released into the ____

A

nucleolus, cytosol

31
Q

the small subunit of the ribosome has what 3 sites

A

site for binding mRNA, P-site for peptidyl tRNA, A-site for aminoacyl tRNA

32
Q

___ is a system of interconnected tubules and vesicles whose lumen (fluid) is referred to as the ___

A

endoplasmic reticulum, cistern

33
Q

4 metabolic processes that occur on the surface of and within the ER

A

Protein synthesis and modification
Lipid and steroid synthesis (steroids – made from cholesterol are lipids)
Detoxification of certain toxic compounds
Manufacture of all membranes of the cell

34
Q

A system of anastomosing tubules and occasional flattened membrane-bound vesicles

A

smooth ER

35
Q

most cells do not posses an abundance of SER, except for cells active in synthesis of ____, ___, ___, and cells that fxn in ____ of materials

A

steriods, cholesterol, triglycerides, detoxification of toxic

36
Q

____ is MODIFIED SER and found in skeletal muscle cells

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

sarcoplasmic R fxns in sequestering ___ ions from the ___, assisting in the control of muscle contraction

A

calcium, cytosol

38
Q

membranes of the RER are diff than those of the SER because because it possesses ___that function in recognizing and binding ___ to its cytosolic surface and also maintains the ___ morphology of the RER

A

integral proteins, ribosomes, flattened

39
Q

some proteins are made in the ___ but the ones going outside are made in the ____

A

cytoplasm, RER

40
Q

RER participates in the synthesis of all proteins that are to be ___ or delivered to the ___. It also performs post-translational mods such as __, __, __

A

packaged, plasma membrane, sulfation, folding, glycosylation

41
Q

2 things of ALL membranes are made in RER

A

lipids, integral proteins

42
Q

___ are basically where mRNA is being read by more than one ribosome are the same time

A

polyribosomes

43
Q

___ carbohydrate synthesis, mods/sorts proteins made on the RER

A

golgi app

44
Q

___ part of GA, slightly curved membrane-bounded cisternae

A

golgi stack

45
Q

3 levels of cisternae in GS

A

cis-face, intermediate face, trans-face

46
Q

cis face is ___ side of GA

A

receiving

47
Q

trans face is ____ side of GA

A

shipping

48
Q

3 things are involved in the ingestion, sequestering, and degradation of substances internalized from the extracellular space

A

endocytosis, endosomes, lysosomes

49
Q

___ when a cell INGESTS macromols & other subs from the extracellular space

A

endocytosis

50
Q

cell eating (vesicle is a ___)

A

phagocytosis, phagosome

51
Q

cell drinking (vesicle is a ___)

A

pinocytosis, pinocytotic vesicle

52
Q

__somes have an acidic pH and contain hydrolytic enzymes

A

lysosomes

53
Q

early and late endosomes form the

A

endosomal compartment

54
Q

___somes (aka___) are self-replicating organelles that contain oxidative enzymes

A

peroxisomes, microbodies

55
Q

mitochondria produce ATP via ____

A

oxidative phosphorylation

56
Q

___ are the folds of the inner membrane, the increase the SA of the membrane

A

cristae

Histology - Ingold (6 decks)

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