Chapter 2 Flashcards
what is the living substance of the cell
protoplasm
two compartments of protoplasm
cytoplasm, karyoplasm
___ extends from the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope; it contains ___
cytoplasm, cytosol
__ forms contents of nucleus
karyoplasm
the ___ is a system of tubules and filaments
cytoskeleton
the ___ consists of metabolic by-products, storage forms of nutrients, or inert crystals and pigment
inclusions
___ (aka ___ or ___)forms a selectively permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and environment
cell membrane, plasmalemma or unit membrane
7 functions of the cell membrane
maintaining structural integrity, controlling movement in and out, regulating cell-cell interactions, recognition, acts as an interface between the cytoplasm and external milieu, establish transport systems, transfusing extracellular physical or chemical signals into intracellular events
the plasmalemma is composed of a ___, associated __ and __ proteins
phospholipid bilayer, integral, peripheral
the inner ( cytoplasmic) dense line of the cell membrane is its ____
inner leaflet
the ____ molecule is composed of a ___ head and a ___ tail; the molecule is said to be ____ because of this
phospholipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphipathic
what proteins can be seen only inside the cell
peripheral
what proteins can be seen inside and outside of cell
integral (transmembrane)
what proteins are folded, therefore they make several passes through the membrane
multipass transmembrane
the polar heads and non polar tails of the phospholipid bilayer project where
into the plasmalemma
2 other amphipathic molecules are present in the CM
glycolipids and cholesterol
___ (fuzzy coat) coats the cell surface and is usually composed of ___ chains
glycocalyx, carbohydrate
what protects the cell from interacting with inappropriate proteins, also protection from chemical and physical inj
glycocalyx
what facilitates movement of h2o mols and ions across the hydrophobic(middle) plasmalemma
transport proteins (aka channel proteins)
what type of proteins can be gated or ungated and they work ___ the concentration gradient
channel, with
5 channels
voltage, ligand, mechanically, G-protein, ungated
2 types of ligand channels
neurotransmitter, nucleotide
___ proteins can use ATP mechanisms to carry subs. across plasmalemma AGAINST concentration gradient
carrier
3 cell surface receptors
ion-channel linked, enzyme-linked, G-protein linked
3 primary components of the protein synthetic machinery of the cell
ribosomes (and polyribosomes), RER, golgi app
steroid hormones can live for how long
several hours or days
hydrophilic ligands can live for how long
milliseconds to minutes
___ are cell surface receptors that fxn in recognizing signaling mols & transduce the signal into an ___ action
integral glycoproteins, intracellular
ribosomes fxn as a surface for ____
protein synthesis
the large and small subunit of the ribosome is made in the ___ and released into the ____
nucleolus, cytosol
the small subunit of the ribosome has what 3 sites
site for binding mRNA, P-site for peptidyl tRNA, A-site for aminoacyl tRNA
___ is a system of interconnected tubules and vesicles whose lumen (fluid) is referred to as the ___
endoplasmic reticulum, cistern
4 metabolic processes that occur on the surface of and within the ER
Protein synthesis and modification
Lipid and steroid synthesis (steroids – made from cholesterol are lipids)
Detoxification of certain toxic compounds
Manufacture of all membranes of the cell
A system of anastomosing tubules and occasional flattened membrane-bound vesicles
smooth ER
most cells do not posses an abundance of SER, except for cells active in synthesis of ____, ___, ___, and cells that fxn in ____ of materials
steriods, cholesterol, triglycerides, detoxification of toxic
____ is MODIFIED SER and found in skeletal muscle cells
sarcoplasmic reticulum
sarcoplasmic R fxns in sequestering ___ ions from the ___, assisting in the control of muscle contraction
calcium, cytosol
membranes of the RER are diff than those of the SER because because it possesses ___that function in recognizing and binding ___ to its cytosolic surface and also maintains the ___ morphology of the RER
integral proteins, ribosomes, flattened
some proteins are made in the ___ but the ones going outside are made in the ____
cytoplasm, RER
RER participates in the synthesis of all proteins that are to be ___ or delivered to the ___. It also performs post-translational mods such as __, __, __
packaged, plasma membrane, sulfation, folding, glycosylation
2 things of ALL membranes are made in RER
lipids, integral proteins
___ are basically where mRNA is being read by more than one ribosome are the same time
polyribosomes
___ carbohydrate synthesis, mods/sorts proteins made on the RER
golgi app
___ part of GA, slightly curved membrane-bounded cisternae
golgi stack
3 levels of cisternae in GS
cis-face, intermediate face, trans-face
cis face is ___ side of GA
receiving
trans face is ____ side of GA
shipping
3 things are involved in the ingestion, sequestering, and degradation of substances internalized from the extracellular space
endocytosis, endosomes, lysosomes
___ when a cell INGESTS macromols & other subs from the extracellular space
endocytosis
cell eating (vesicle is a ___)
phagocytosis, phagosome
cell drinking (vesicle is a ___)
pinocytosis, pinocytotic vesicle
__somes have an acidic pH and contain hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
early and late endosomes form the
endosomal compartment
___somes (aka___) are self-replicating organelles that contain oxidative enzymes
peroxisomes, microbodies
mitochondria produce ATP via ____
oxidative phosphorylation
___ are the folds of the inner membrane, the increase the SA of the membrane
cristae
