Chapter 2

Question 1

what is the living substance of the cell

Answer 1

protoplasm

Question 2

two compartments of protoplasm

Answer 2

cytoplasm, karyoplasm

Question 3

___ extends from the plasma membrane to the nuclear envelope; it contains ___

Answer 3

cytoplasm, cytosol

Question 4

__ forms contents of nucleus

Answer 4

karyoplasm

Question 5

the ___ is a system of tubules and filaments

Answer 5

cytoskeleton

Question 6

the ___ consists of metabolic by-products, storage forms of nutrients, or inert crystals and pigment

Answer 6

inclusions

Question 7

___ (aka ___ or ___)forms a selectively permeable barrier between the cytoplasm and environment

Answer 7

cell membrane, plasmalemma or unit membrane

Question 8

7 functions of the cell membrane

Answer 8

maintaining structural integrity, controlling movement in and out, regulating cell-cell interactions, recognition, acts as an interface between the cytoplasm and external milieu, establish transport systems, transfusing extracellular physical or chemical signals into intracellular events

Question 9

the plasmalemma is composed of a ___, associated __ and __ proteins

Answer 9

phospholipid bilayer, integral, peripheral

Question 10

the inner ( cytoplasmic) dense line of the cell membrane is its ____

Answer 10

inner leaflet

Question 11

the ____ molecule is composed of a ___ head and a ___ tail; the molecule is said to be ____ because of this

Answer 11

phospholipid, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphipathic

Question 12

what proteins can be seen only inside the cell

Answer 12

peripheral

Question 13

what proteins can be seen inside and outside of cell

Answer 13

integral (transmembrane)

Question 14

what proteins are folded, therefore they make several passes through the membrane

Answer 14

multipass transmembrane

Question 15

the polar heads and non polar tails of the phospholipid bilayer project where

Answer 15

into the plasmalemma

Question 16

2 other amphipathic molecules are present in the CM

Answer 16

glycolipids and cholesterol

Question 17

___ (fuzzy coat) coats the cell surface and is usually composed of ___ chains

Answer 17

glycocalyx, carbohydrate

Question 18

what protects the cell from interacting with inappropriate proteins, also protection from chemical and physical inj

Answer 18

glycocalyx

Question 19

what facilitates movement of h2o mols and ions across the hydrophobic(middle) plasmalemma

Answer 19

transport proteins (aka channel proteins)

Question 20

what type of proteins can be gated or ungated and they work ___ the concentration gradient

Answer 20

channel, with

Question 21

5 channels

Answer 21

voltage, ligand, mechanically, G-protein, ungated

Question 22

2 types of ligand channels

Answer 22

neurotransmitter, nucleotide

Question 23

___ proteins can use ATP mechanisms to carry subs. across plasmalemma AGAINST concentration gradient

Answer 23

carrier

Question 24

3 cell surface receptors

Answer 24

ion-channel linked, enzyme-linked, G-protein linked

Question 25

3 primary components of the protein synthetic machinery of the cell

Answer 25

ribosomes (and polyribosomes), RER, golgi app

Question 26

steroid hormones can live for how long

Answer 26

several hours or days

Question 27

hydrophilic ligands can live for how long

Answer 27

milliseconds to minutes

Question 28

___ are cell surface receptors that fxn in recognizing signaling mols & transduce the signal into an ___ action

Answer 28

integral glycoproteins, intracellular

Question 29

ribosomes fxn as a surface for ____

Answer 29

protein synthesis

Question 30

the large and small subunit of the ribosome is made in the ___ and released into the ____

Answer 30

nucleolus, cytosol

Question 31

the small subunit of the ribosome has what 3 sites

Answer 31

site for binding mRNA, P-site for peptidyl tRNA, A-site for aminoacyl tRNA

Question 32

___ is a system of interconnected tubules and vesicles whose lumen (fluid) is referred to as the ___

Answer 32

endoplasmic reticulum, cistern

Question 33

4 metabolic processes that occur on the surface of and within the ER

Answer 33

Protein synthesis and modification Lipid and steroid synthesis (steroids – made from cholesterol are lipids) Detoxification of certain toxic compounds Manufacture of all membranes of the cell

Question 34

A system of anastomosing tubules and occasional flattened membrane-bound vesicles

Answer 34

smooth ER

Question 35

most cells do not posses an abundance of SER, except for cells active in synthesis of ____, ___, ___, and cells that fxn in ____ of materials

Answer 35

steriods, cholesterol, triglycerides, detoxification of toxic

Question 36

____ is MODIFIED SER and found in skeletal muscle cells

Answer 36

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 37

sarcoplasmic R fxns in sequestering ___ ions from the ___, assisting in the control of muscle contraction

Answer 37

calcium, cytosol

Question 38

membranes of the RER are diff than those of the SER because because it possesses ___that function in recognizing and binding ___ to its cytosolic surface and also maintains the ___ morphology of the RER

Answer 38

integral proteins, ribosomes, flattened

Question 39

some proteins are made in the ___ but the ones going outside are made in the ____

Answer 39

cytoplasm, RER

Question 40

RER participates in the synthesis of all proteins that are to be ___ or delivered to the ___. It also performs post-translational mods such as __, __, __

Answer 40

packaged, plasma membrane, sulfation, folding, glycosylation

Question 41

2 things of ALL membranes are made in RER

Answer 41

lipids, integral proteins

Question 42

___ are basically where mRNA is being read by more than one ribosome are the same time

Answer 42

polyribosomes

Question 43

___ carbohydrate synthesis, mods/sorts proteins made on the RER

Answer 43

golgi app

Question 44

___ part of GA, slightly curved membrane-bounded cisternae

Answer 44

golgi stack

Question 45

3 levels of cisternae in GS

Answer 45

cis-face, intermediate face, trans-face

Question 46

cis face is ___ side of GA

Answer 46

receiving

Question 47

trans face is ____ side of GA

Answer 47

shipping

Question 48

3 things are involved in the ingestion, sequestering, and degradation of substances internalized from the extracellular space

Answer 48

endocytosis, endosomes, lysosomes

Question 49

___ when a cell INGESTS macromols & other subs from the extracellular space

Answer 49

endocytosis

Question 50

cell eating (vesicle is a ___)

Answer 50

phagocytosis, phagosome

Question 51

cell drinking (vesicle is a ___)

Answer 51

pinocytosis, pinocytotic vesicle

Question 52

__somes have an acidic pH and contain hydrolytic enzymes

Answer 52

lysosomes

Question 53

early and late endosomes form the

Answer 53

endosomal compartment

Question 54

___somes (aka___) are self-replicating organelles that contain oxidative enzymes

Answer 54

peroxisomes, microbodies

Question 55

mitochondria produce ATP via ____

Answer 55

oxidative phosphorylation

Question 56

___ are the folds of the inner membrane, the increase the SA of the membrane

Answer 56

cristae