Chapter 3 Flashcards
Individual differences
Dissimilarities between or among two or more people
Mental test
Instrument designed to measure a subject’s ability to reason, plan, and solve problems; an intelligence test
Differential psychology
Scientific study of differences between or among two or more people
Intelligence
The ability to learn and adapt to an environment; used to refer to general intellectual capacity
Mental ability
Capacity to reason, plan, and solve problems; cognitive ability
Metric
Standard of measurement; a scale
Psychometrics
Practice of measuring a characteristic such as mental ability, placing it on a scale or metric
Intelligence test
Instrument designed to measure the ability to reason, learn, and solve problems
Psychometrician
Psychologist trained in measuring characteristics such as mental ability
Cognitive ability
Capacity to reason, plan, and solve problems; mental ability
g
Abbreviation for general mental ability
General mental ability
Capacity to reason, learn, and solve problems in any of a wide varieties of ways and circumstances
g-ocentric model
Tendency to understand and predict behavior of workers be examining g
Physical abilities
Bodily powers such as muscular strength, flexibility, and stamina
Personality
An individual’s behavioral and emotional characteristics
Interests
Preferences or likings for broad ranges of activities
Knowledge
A collection of specific and interrelated facts and information about a particular topical area
Emotion
An effect or feeling; displayed in reaction to an event or thought
Taxonomy
Orderly, scientific system of classification
Perceptual-motor abilities
Physical attributes that combine the senses and motion
Affect
The conscious subjective aspect of emotion
IQ
Measure of intelligence obtained by gibing a subject a standardized IQ test; ratio of subjects mental age to chronological age x 100
Meta-analysis
Statistical method for combining an analyzing the results from many studies to draw a general conclusion about the relationship btwn variables
Stamina
Physical ability to supply muscles with oxygenated blood through a cardiovascular system; endurance
Sensory abilities
Vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste and being able to notice changes in body position
Americans with Disabilities Act
Requiring employers to give applicants and employees with disabilities the same consideration as other applicants and employees
Psychomotor abilities
Coordination, dexterity, and reaction time
Big five
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Conscientiousness
Quality of having positive intentions and carrying them out with care
Agreeableness
Likeable, easy to get along with, friendly
Integrity
Being honest, reliable, ethical
Achievement
Hard work, persistence, desire to do good work
Dependability
Disciplined, well organized, respectful of laws and regulations, honest, trustworthy, and accepting of authority
Skills
Practiced acts, such as shooting a basketball, using a keyboard, or persuading someone to buy something
People skills
Negotiating, communicating, and conflict resolution
Tacit knowledge
Action-oriented, goal-directed knowledge, acquired without direct help from others; street smarts
Procedural knowledge
Knowing procedure or process; knowing how
Declarative knowledge
Understanding what is required to perform a task; knowing info about a job
Competencies
Behaviors that are essential to accomplish a desired outcome
Job analysis
Process that determines the important tasks of a job and the human attributes necessary to successfully perform those tasks
Emotional intelligence
Intelligence focused on people’s awareness of their own and other’s emotions; EQ is the score you earn
Norming
Comparing a test score to other relevant test scores
Norm group
Group whose test scores are used to compare and understand an individual’s test score
Test battery
Collection of tests that usually assess a variety of attributes
Speed test
Test with demanding time limits; most takers are unable to finish
Power test
Test with no time limits; all takers can finish in time given
Group test
Test that can be administered to a large group of individuals; valuable in reducing costs-time and money
Paper and pencil tests
Most common form of test that requires no manipulation of any objects other than the instrument used to respond with
Performance test
Test that requires the individual to make a response by manipulating a particular physical object or piece of equipment
Bias
Situation where a test results in errors of prediction for a subgroup
Fairness
Value judgement about actions or decisions based on test scores
Cognitive ability test
Test that lets people show what they know, perceive, remember, understand, or can work with mentally
Cognitive test battery
Collection of tests that assess several cognitive abilities
Knowledge test
Test that assess the extent to which you know the material
Screen-out test
Test used to eliminate candidates that are clearly unsuitable for employment; identify signs of psychopathology
Screen-in test
Test used to add information about positive attributes of a candidate that might predict outstanding performance; identify variations of normal personality
Overt integrity test
Asks about past honesty behavior such as company theft
Personality-based integrity test
Infers honesty from questions dealing with broad constructs that demonstrate integrity
Structured interview
Very specific questions asked of each candidate; tightly crafted scoring system
Situational interview
Asked to describe in specific detail how they would respond to a hypothetical situation
Unstructured interview
Includes much broader questions that vary by candidate and allow candidate to answer in whatever way they want
Assessment center
Procedures administered to groups of individuals rather than single individuals; multiple assessors
Work sample tests
Measure job skills by taking samples of behavior under realistic job-like conditions
Situational judgement test
Present the candidate with a scenario and ask the candidate to choose the best response from options
