CHAPTER 3-5

Question 1

Social Learning Theory

Answer 1

Part of the Behavioral perspective

People learn to be aggressive through life experience

Question 2

Trait Theory

Answer 2

The view that criminality is a product of abnormal biological or psychological traits

Question 3

trait theory is divided into 2 categories

Answer 3

Those that stress biological makeup

Those that stress psychological functioning

Question 4

Three (3) Principle Sources of Behavioral Modeling

Answer 4

Family interactions
Environmental experiences
Mass media

Question 5

Major premise of neurological theory

Answer 5

The major premise of the theory is that criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.

Question 6

Major premise of genetic theory

Answer 6

criminal traits and predispositions are inherited. The criminality of parents can predict the delinquency of children.

Question 7

Major premise of evolutionary theory

Answer 7

The major premise of the theory is that as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became Ingrained. Some of these traits make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime.

Question 8

what theory states that crime, especially violence, is a function of diet, vitamin intake, hormonal imbalance, or food allergies.

Answer 8

biochemical theory

Question 9

Sociobiologist theory of criminology

Answer 9

Sociobiologist states human behavior is motivated by inborn biological urges to survive and preserve the species

Question 10

Primary prevention

Answer 10

programs, such as substance abuse clinics and mental health associations, that seek to treat personal problems before they manifest themselves as crime.

Question 11

Secondary prevention

Answer 11

Programs that provide treatment, such as psychological counseling, to youths and adults after they have violated the law.

Question 12

Psychotic Disorder

Answer 12

mental illness that affects the mind and alter a person’s ability to understand reality, think clearly, respond emotionally, communicate effectively, and behave appropriately.

Question 13

Oppositional Disorder

Answer 13

A pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior, during which a child often loses her or his temper, often argues with adults, and often actively defies or refuses to comply with adults’ requests or rules.

Question 14

Attachment Theory

Answer 14

Bowlby’s theory that being able to form an emotional bond to another person is an important aspect of mental health throughout the life span.

Question 15

James Q. Wilson’s Views

Answer 15

supported/believed that low intelligence leads to poor school performance, which enhances the chances of criminality

Question 16

Specific deterrence

Answer 16

prevents crime by frightening an individual

Question 17

Marginal deterrence

Answer 17

Marginal deterrence refers to relative effectiveness of punishments
Produces SOME crime reduction

Question 18

Diffusion

Answer 18

An effect that occurs when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another.

Question 19

Incapacitation

Answer 19

The idea that keeping offenders in confinement will eliminate the risk of their committing further offenses

Question 20

General deterrence

Answer 20

General: frightening the public

Question 21

Restrictive deterrence

Answer 21

Restrictive deterrence refers to situations in which the threat of punishment can reduce but not eliminate crime.

Question 22

Rational Choice

Answer 22

Rational choice is the view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the would-be offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.

Question 23

The view that an offender reacts selectively to the characteristics of a particular criminal act.

Answer 23

Offense Specific Crimes

Question 24

Situational Crime Prevention

Answer 24

Focusing on specific settings to prevent crime

Question 25

Displacement

Answer 25

An effect that occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets.

Question 26

Routines Activities Theories

Answer 26

Routine activities states the victimization results from the interaction of three everyday factors:
the availability of suitable targets, the absence of capable guardians, and the presence of motivated offenders.

Question 27

Victimization

Answer 27

Victimization is the process of being victimized, either from a physical or a psychological or a moral or sexual point of view.

Question 28

State Victim’s Bill of Rights

Answer 28

To be notified of proceedings and the status of the defendant
To be present at criminal justice proceedings
To make a statement at sentencing and to receive restitution from a convicted offender
To be consulted before a case is dismissed or a plea agreement entered
To a speedy trial
To keep the victim’s contact information confidential

Question 29

Women’s as victims

Answer 29

Females are more likely to be victimized by a friend, an acquaintance, or an intimate partner

Question 30

Poor people as victims

Answer 30

the deviant places are usually poor places..meaning they are more susceptible to crime/poor people are more susceptible to crime

Question 31

Twinkie defense

Answer 31

essentially being used as shorthand for any defense in which the accused blames the consumption or use of some substance for his or her actions

Question 32

Which theory would suggest that children have IQ scores similar to those of their parents

Answer 32

nature theory

Question 33

Psychodynamic theory

Answer 33

Psychodynamic theory states the development processes during childhood affect future behavior and thoughts

Question 34

Genes crime relationship

Answer 34

The genes–crime association may be direct:
antisocial behavior is inherited, the genetic makeup of parents is passed on to children, and genetic abnormality is directly linked to a variety of antisocial behaviors.

Question 35

Deviant place theory

Answer 35

Victimization risk is related to neighborhood crime rates.

Question 36

Social ecology theory

Answer 36

many factors from our environment come together to create the unique circumstances that shape who we are,

Question 37

Cognitive theory

Answer 37

How people perceive and mentally represent the world around them and solve problems

Question 38

Criminal acts can be prevented if:

Answer 38

Potential targets are carefully guarded.
The means to commit crime are controlled.
Potential offenders are carefully monitored.

Question 39

Sociobiology stresses the following principles:

Answer 39

Behavioral traits are shaped by both inherited traits and the environment.

Biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned and perceived.

Behavior is determined by the need to ensure survival of offspring and replenishment of the gene pool.

Biology, environment, and learning are mutually interdependent factors.

Question 40

cycle of violence

Answer 40

Childhood abuse increases chances of violence

Question 41

Which model supposes a direct link between traits and crime?

Answer 41

individual vulnerability

Question 42

Crime being offender-specific is the view that ____________.

Answer 42

offenders evaluate their skills, motives, needs, and fears before deciding to commit the criminal act

Question 43

_______ is the principle that crime can be prevented or displaced by modifying the physical environment to reduce the opportunity that individuals have to commit crime.

Answer 43

Defensible space