chap 6-8 Flashcards
Illegal domestic surveillance Human rights violations Extraordinary rendition State-corporate crime State violence are examples of what
examples of state/govt organized crime
Strain Theory
strain theory assumes people are born good. and the reason we turn “bad” is because of bad situations .
crime= conflict between goals and obtaining them
Social Structure Theory
Emphasizes the importance of influence enviroment has on people
crime is caused by economic and social forces
Relative Deprivation Theory
the idea that people are deprived/wanting more (materially or in other ways) compared with others in society
Cohen’s Theory of Delinquent Subcultures
Status frustration of lower-class boys, created by their failure to achieve middle-class success, causes them to join gangs.
Cultural Deviance Theory
lower classes have different norms, which conflict with middle class norms strain and disorganization
Differential Opportunity Theory
The view that lower-class youths join gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative means to achieve universal success goals. cloward ohlin
Shaw and McKay’s (research, statistical analysis, explanation of crime and delinquency)
explained crime and delinquency is based more on where a person lives rather than there personality.
The highest rates of crime are in zones 1 and 2
Social Classes/members usually share
similar economic level, attitudes, values, norms, and identifiable lifestyle
Street Efficacy
the perceived ability to avoid violent confrontations and to be safe in one’s neighborhood
strength of Social Ecology
Accounts for urban crime rates and trends
Differential Association
when one learns criminal attitudes and behaviors through those around them
Social Reaction Theory def
people become criminals when members of society label them and they accept those labels as a personal identity.
Social Process Theories
differential association, social learning theory, social control theory, and labeling theory.
Retrospective Reading
the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label.
Parental Efficacy
The ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways.
Deviance Amplification
attempts to control deviance only make it worse
Religion and Religious Participation and Criminal Behavior
communities with high numbers of religious adherents have lower crime rates. Other studies also find that more religious individuals are less likely to be involved in criminal behavior.
Peacemaking Movement
To members of the peacemaking movement, the main purpose of criminology is to promote a peaceful, just society.
Punishment; nonviolence; mediation
Power and Control Theory
Crime and delinquency are functions of class position (power) and family functions (control). John Hagan
Critical Feminist Theory
gender inequality comes from the unequal power of men and women in society.
Conflict View
The belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in such a way as to protect and advance their own self-interest.
Racist Threat Hypothesis
states that as the number of minority group members in the community increases, law enforcement agents become more harsh
Dropout Factories
High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less.
There about 1,000 of these failing schools in the United States. Although they represent only a small fraction of all public high schools in America, they account for about half of all high school dropouts each year.
Hegemonic Masculinity
supports men’s dominance in social life.
correlates with anger, violence, lower emotional life
Preemptive Deterrence
community organizations try to stop or slow crime before police involvement becomes necessary.
Supranational Criminology
The study of war crimes, crimes against humanity, and the supranational penal system in which such crimes are prosecuted and tried.
Extraordinary Rendition
the practice of kidnapping or capturing people and sending them to countries that use torture or abuse in interrogations.
The social structure perspective encompasses three independent yet overlapping branches
Social Disorganization Theory
Strain Theory
Cultural Deviance Theory
Theory of Differential Opportunity gang types
Criminal gangs
Conflict gangs
Retreatist gangs
social ecology
many factors from our environment come together to create the unique circumstances that shape who we are
Failure to achieve positively valued goals
detachment from/of expectations and achievements
Removal of positively valued stimuli
Presentation of negative stimuli
Multiple sources of strain
1.Behaviors that are considered criminal are highly subjective.
2.Crime is defined by those in power.
3.Not only acts are labeled but also people.
4.Both positive and negative labels involve subjective interpretation of behavior
SUB.PO.APE.NEPOSU
points in social reaction theory
deviance is a process
in which one’s identity is changed.
peacemakers view poverty
as a source of suffering—almost a crime in and of itself.
Power–control theory premise
Girls are controlled more closely than boys in traditional male-dominated households
Some of the issues focused on by CFC(critical femisinists) include
masculinity creating female victimization
exploitation of women at work
the unequal treatment of men and women in the justice system
State/Organized Crime
Criminal acts committed by government officials
Those who study state-organized crime argue that antisocial behaviors arise
from efforts to either maintain governmental power
or
to uphold the race, class, and gender advantages of those who support the government.
Instrumental theorists
the criminal justice system solely as instruments for controlling the poor, have-not members of society.
structural theorists
structural theorists believe the cause of crime is socioeconomic disadvantages
recognize that crime is a real problem.
create more realistic policies towards crime
left realism
crimes by class
Poor- Street crime
Middle Class- Petty white-collar crimes
Wealthy- White-collar crimes
Globalization
Creation and maintenance of transnational markets
globalization is a threat to world economy because:
Growing global dominance, which benefits the wealthy
Increasing vulnerability of indigenous people
Nondemocratic operation and influence of international financial institutions
preemptive deterence is considered:
Community-based efforts for crime control
The Concept of Restorative Justice
Focuses on needs of victims, community, offenders
and nonpunitive strategies to heal wounds caused by crime
Paternalistic vs Egalitarian
sons have more freedom in Paternalistic families as compared to equal freedom
The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from perceptions of various aspects of the legal code as favorable or unfavorable
A person becomes a criminal when he or she perceives more favorable than unfavorable consequences to violating the law
Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
are examples of what
Principles of Differential Association Theory
social disorganization
the breakdown of inner city institutions: family, school employment
- Crime rates are highest in transient, mixed-use, and changing neighborhoods where fabric of social life has become frayed
- Residents in crime-ridden neighborhoods flee at earliest opportunity
3 Forms of Control
Informal social control-families/close relatives
Institutional social control-church,school
Public social control-police
In.Ins.pu
3 parts of Collective Efficacy
- Mutual trust
- Intervene in supervision of children
- Maintenance of public order
criminal gang
in stable neighborhoods
close connections among adolescent, young adult, and adult offenders create an environment for successful criminal enterprise
Youths are recruited into established criminal gangs that provide training for a successful criminal career.
conflict gang
These gangs develop in communities unable to provide either legitimate or illegitimate opportunities.
They attract tough adolescents who fight with weapons to win respect from rivals and engage in unpredictable and destructive assaults on people and property.
Retreatist gangs
Retreatists are unable to gain success through legitimate means and unwilling to do so through illegal ones.
To feed their habits, retreatists develop a “hustle”—pimping, conning, selling drugs, or committing petty crimes. Personal status in the retreatist subculture is derived from peer approval.
peacemaking movement draws its inspiration from
religious and philosophical teachings ranging from Quakerism to Zen
1 in 30 men between the ages of 20 and 34 is behind bars; for black males in that age group, the figure is 1 in 9. One in 100 black women in their mid- to late-30s are incarcerated compared to 1 in 355 European American women.
Social ecology school states Ecological factors such as ____ produce high crime rates.
community deterioration, changing neighborhoods, fear, unemployment/lack of opportunities, incivility, poverty
The concentration effect takes place when which of the following occurs?
Working-class and middle-class families flee inner-city, poverty-ridden areas, and the most disadvantaged population is consolidated in urban ghettos.
Which of the following statements is true?
Political, social, and economic programs such as affirmative action have not erased the economic gulf between whites and minorities.
social adaptations tom merton
conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion
theory of anomie
goals (such as wealth and power) are universally mandated but access to legitimate means (such as education and job opportunities) depends on what class your in/your edu
institutional anomie theory
anomie is part of US culture because the drive for wealth dominates and undermines social and community values.
great gatsby American dream
focal concerns
values that evolved for lower class
broken windows
better relationship for police and community
