chap 6-8 Flashcards
Illegal domestic surveillance Human rights violations Extraordinary rendition State-corporate crime State violence are examples of what
examples of state/govt organized crime
Strain Theory
strain theory assumes people are born good. and the reason we turn “bad” is because of bad situations .
crime= conflict between goals and obtaining them
Social Structure Theory
Emphasizes the importance of influence enviroment has on people
crime is caused by economic and social forces
Relative Deprivation Theory
the idea that people are deprived/wanting more (materially or in other ways) compared with others in society
Cohen’s Theory of Delinquent Subcultures
Status frustration of lower-class boys, created by their failure to achieve middle-class success, causes them to join gangs.
Cultural Deviance Theory
lower classes have different norms, which conflict with middle class norms strain and disorganization
Differential Opportunity Theory
The view that lower-class youths join gangs and pursue criminal careers as alternative means to achieve universal success goals. cloward ohlin
Shaw and McKay’s (research, statistical analysis, explanation of crime and delinquency)
explained crime and delinquency is based more on where a person lives rather than there personality.
The highest rates of crime are in zones 1 and 2
Social Classes/members usually share
similar economic level, attitudes, values, norms, and identifiable lifestyle
Street Efficacy
the perceived ability to avoid violent confrontations and to be safe in one’s neighborhood
strength of Social Ecology
Accounts for urban crime rates and trends
Differential Association
when one learns criminal attitudes and behaviors through those around them
Social Reaction Theory def
people become criminals when members of society label them and they accept those labels as a personal identity.
Social Process Theories
differential association, social learning theory, social control theory, and labeling theory.
Retrospective Reading
the reassessment of a person’s past to fit a current generalized label.
Parental Efficacy
The ability of parents to be supportive of their children and effectively control them in noncoercive ways.
Deviance Amplification
attempts to control deviance only make it worse
Religion and Religious Participation and Criminal Behavior
communities with high numbers of religious adherents have lower crime rates. Other studies also find that more religious individuals are less likely to be involved in criminal behavior.
Peacemaking Movement
To members of the peacemaking movement, the main purpose of criminology is to promote a peaceful, just society.
Punishment; nonviolence; mediation
Power and Control Theory
Crime and delinquency are functions of class position (power) and family functions (control). John Hagan
Critical Feminist Theory
gender inequality comes from the unequal power of men and women in society.
Conflict View
The belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in such a way as to protect and advance their own self-interest.
Racist Threat Hypothesis
states that as the number of minority group members in the community increases, law enforcement agents become more harsh
Dropout Factories
High schools in which the completion rate is consistently 40 percent or less.
There about 1,000 of these failing schools in the United States. Although they represent only a small fraction of all public high schools in America, they account for about half of all high school dropouts each year.
Hegemonic Masculinity
supports men’s dominance in social life.
correlates with anger, violence, lower emotional life
Preemptive Deterrence
community organizations try to stop or slow crime before police involvement becomes necessary.
