Chapter 1/2 Flashcards
Liberal feminist theory
A view of crime that suggests that the social and economic role of women in society controls their crime rates.
How behavior plays a part in criminology
Human behavior is shaped by interpersonal conflict
Crime is a product of human conflict
Developing Theories of Crime Causation
the 3 theories include Psychological, Biological, Sociological
Self-Reporting
Data collected from local surveys.
Includes nonreported crimes, substance abuse and personal info of offenders
but rely on honest of offenders.
anonymous/groups
Criminology
The scientific study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
Positivism
social science that uses the scientific method and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological or economic forces that can be measured
Social Process Theory
Social process theory views criminality as a function of people’s interactions with various organizations, institutions, and processes in society
children learn to commit crime by observing and interacting with others whom they admire
Code of Hammurabi
a collection of 282 rules, established standards for commercial interactions and set fines and punishments to meet the requirements of justice
Classical Criminology
The classical view in criminology explains crime as a free-will decision to commit the crime and that crime can be controlled if potential criminals fear punishment.
when does a deviant act become a crime
A deviant act becomes a crime when it is deemed socially harmful or dangerous; it then will be specifically defined, prohibited, and punished under the criminal law
Structural perspective and crime rates
Social structure theories suggest people’s places in the socioeconomic structure influence their chances of becoming a criminal.
EX: Poor people are more likely to commit crimes because they are unable to achieve monetary or social success in any other way.
The consensus view of crime
implies consensus (agreement) among citizens on what should and should not be illegal. This idea implies that all groups come together, regardless of social class, race, age, gender, and more, to determine what should be illegal.
penology
the study of the punishment of crime and of prison management.
Rehabilitation
Social control
Conflict view of crime
The belief that criminal behavior is defined by those in power in such a way as to protect and advance their own self-interest.
Deterence
Specific: prevents crime by frightening an individual
General: frightening the public
misdemeanors vs felony
Felonies: The most serious grade of crime; usually includes possibility of prison sentence.
Misdemeanors: Offenses that carry punishment of a degree less than felonies.
Usually misdemeanor crimes do not involve prison sentences.
criminal penality
Any criminal sentence, penalty or fine or similar Liability imposed upon any Person for such Person’s actions, omissions or violations.
chronic offenders
individuals who frequently or persistently violate criminal laws.
Aging out
All statistics show a gradual decline of offending with growing age—for males as well as for females. The older they get, the more offenders tend to desist from criminal activities. Eventually almost all will settle down. This is called the aging out effect.
Uniform Crime Reporting
official data on crime in the United States, published by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
UCR and law enforcement practices
The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program generates reliable statistics for use in law enforcement.
Compiled by FBI
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
the nation’s primary source of information on criminal victimization.
PART I OFFENSE: INDEX CRIMES
Serious Crimes
murder, rape, aggravated assault, robbery,
burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, human trafficking – commercial sex acts, and human trafficking – involuntary servitude.
PART II OFFENSE
Less Serious Crimes Other assaults (simple)―Assaults and attempted assaults where no weapon was used or no serious or aggravated injury resulted to the victim. Stalking, intimidation, coercion, and hazing are included.
High crime rate cities and areas of the country
Large city areas have higher rates of violence
Human Trafficking origin countries
Southeast Asia, eastern Europe, and sub-Saharan Africa
human trafficking destination countries
Europe, the Middle East, North America and some countries in East Asia and the Pacific are destinations for trafficking victims from a wide range of origins.
Time of year and the maximization of police resources
Most reported crimes occur during summer months.
Weather effects may have an impact on violent crime rates.
Victim-precipitated homicide
The victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident
Victim precipitation is a criminology theory that analyzes how a victim’s interaction with an offender may contribute to the crime being committe
White-collar crime
Illegal acts that capitalize on a person’s status in the marketplace
Theft, embezzlement, fraud, market manipulation, restraint of trade, false advertising
Deviant acts can be decriminalized
when penalties are lessened
Ethical Issues in Criminology
ensuring impartiality, avoiding profiling, protecting citizens’ rights, determining the necessary amount of force to use to restrain arrested suspects, and ensuring that public servants maintain a principled lifestyle outside of work.
ENIM AVOPRO PRORIG FORESTAR OUTWORK
how what whom
anomie
A lack of norms or clear social standards. Because of rapidly shifting moral values, the individual has few guides to what is socially acceptable.
interactionist view
The belief that those with social power are able to impose their values on society as a whole, and these values then define criminal behavior.
Adult same-sex relations.
in the case of Lawrence v. Texas, where the Supreme Court declared that state laws criminalizing sexual relations between consenting adults, heretofore classified as sodomy, were unconstitutional because they violated the due process rights of citizens because of their sexual orientation
How does the NCVS compare to the UCR?
The NCVS is a more accurate measure of crime which occurs in the United States.
Human trafficking is usually
intraregional
The “Ferguson Effect”
The Ferguson effect suggests that increased public observations of police, usually following a police misconduct incident, leads to de-policing, which could lead to an increase in crime.
co-offending
Co-offending is the commission of a crime by more than one person.
common in youths
The Racial Threat Hypothesis states
as the size of the black population increases, the perceived threat to the white population increases, resulting in a greater amount of social control imposed on African Americans.
this is not a Agency of social control
A legislature
criminological enterprise subarea of criminal statistics/crime measurement involves WHAT
creating methodologies that are able to accurately measure activities, trends, and
patterns in crime.
victimization
the action of singling someone out for cruel or unjust treatment.
Victimization is the process of being victimized, either from a physical or a psychological or a moral or sexual point of view.
National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
Program that requires local police agencies to provide a brief account of each incident and arrest involving 49 specific offenses, including incident, victim, and offender information
