9-10 Flashcards
Latent Trait Theory
states that certain people have a personal characteristic that’s responsible for their need to commit crime.
understanding the ways in which people live and the various factors that affect psychological, physical, and social health.
Specifically, how individual’s experiences affect them as they age.
Life Course Theorists view of crime
Problem Behavior Syndrome
an adolescent who exhibits problem behaviors or any risk-taking behavior (e.g. alcohol and drug use, truancy, delinquency) is said to have Problem-Behavior Syndrome (PBS).
Authority Conflict Pathway
begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.followed by disobedience
Laub & Sampson’s work/research
a turning point in a person’s life course (e.g. marriage, employment) can affect a criminal career.
Trajectory Theory
assume there is more than one type of criminal and more than one criminal path.
subgroups within a population that follow distinctively different developmental routes toward and away from a criminal career.
General Theory of Crime
Gottfredson and Hirschi’s developmental theory that links crime to impulsivity and a lack of self-control.
a life-course learning theory that integrates recent findings in criminology and allied disciplines and recasts them into a new learning framework
Social Schematic Theory
Crime and Human Nature Model
individual-level factors played a significant role in shaping behavior choices
Wilson and Herrnstein
Filicide
Murder of an older child.
Economic Compulsive Behavior
drug users resort to violence to support their habit.
Psychopharmacological Relationship
the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances.
Deliberate Indifference
The deliberate indifference standard is met when a person knows of and yet disregards or ignores an excessive risk to another’s health or safety.
Instrumental Violence
Violence used in a rational, controlled, and purposeful fashion
rape
the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.
involves nonconsensual sexual intercourse inflicted on a female by a male.
hate crime
violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic
Relational Aggression
Psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors, and private information in order to harm a partner.
Cathy Widom Hypothesis
a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes the survivor to becoming violent themselves in later years
(cycleof violence)
Case of Michigan v. Lewis
the Supreme Court upheld the validity of shield laws and ruled that excluding evidence of a prior sexual relationship between the parties did not violate the defendant’s right to a fair trial.
Problem Behaviors Examples: Social
Family dysfunction Unemployment, Educational underachievement, bad School behaviors (school misconduct)
Problem behaviors examples: Environmental
High-crime area, Disorganized area, Racism, Exposure to poverty
Problem behaviors examples: personal
Substance abuse, Suicide attempts, Early sexuality, Premature death, Poor health, Sensation seeking, Early parenthood, Accident prone, Medical problem, Mental disease, Anxiety, Eating disorders (bulimia, anorexia)
propensity theory
suggests that human development is controlled by a master latent trait that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person’s lifetime.
population heterogeneity
The propensity to commit crime is stable; those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course.
state dependence
suggests that people change and develop as they mature; life events have a significant influence on future behavior.
the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career is known as ________.
early onset
the causal association between early delinquent offending and later adult deviant behavior involves the quality of relationships encountered at different times in human development
age graded theory
Which theory holds to the tenet that getting married helps people stay out of trouble?
age-graded theory
________ is the tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones that accumulate and undermine success.
Cumulative disadvantage
three views of criminal career development
life course theory
trajectory theory
propensity/latent trait theory
five classes based on their offending histories
Non-offenders, Low-rate adolescence peak offenders, Very-low-rate chronic offenders, High-rate adolescence peak offenders, High-rate chronic offenders
covert pathway
A path to a criminal career that begins with minor underhanded behavior and progresses to fire starting and theft.
overt pathway
Pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent crime.
expressive violence
Violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration.
eros
the life instinct, which drives people toward self-fulfillment and enjoyment
criminogenic knowledge structure (cks)
negative life events are connected and produce a hostile view of people and relationships
Adolescent-limited offenders
may be considered typical teenagers who get into minor scrapes and engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends.
life course persisters
they begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood
systemic link
A link between drugs and violence that occurs when drug dealers turn violent in their competition with rival gangs
subculture of violence
In urban areas, neighborhoods that experience violence seem to cluster together.
virility mystique
males must separate their sexual feelings from their need for love, respect, and affection.
narcissistic personality disorder
a pattern of traits and behaviors that indicate infatuation and fixation with one’s self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one’s own gratification, dominance, and ambition.
types of hate crimes
Thrill-seeking hate crimes
Reactive (defensive) hate crimes
Mission hate crimes
Retaliatory hate crimes
Stalkers use a number of strategies:
Surveillance, Life invasion ,Intimidation, Interference through sabotage or attack
Substance abuse influences violence in three ways:
psychopharmacological relationship
economic compulsive behavior
systemic link
Varieties of Forcible Rape
Anger rape - expressing and discharging pent-up anger and rage
Power rape-goal is sexual conquest
Sadistic rape-both sexuality and aggression.
four types of mass murderers:
“Revenge killers”
“Love killers”
“Profit killers”
“Terrorist killers”
types of serial killers
“Thrill killers” strive for either sexual sadism or dominance
“Mission killers” want to reform the world or have a vision that drives them to kill.
“Expedience killers” are out for profit or want to protect themselves from a perceived threat.
In fact, approximately 17 percent of all serial homicides in the United States are committed by women; in contrast, only 10 percent of total murders in the US are committed by women.
African Americans comprise the largest racial minority group among serial killers, representing approximately 20 percent of the total.
Problem-Behavior Theory
problem-behavior as any behavior that causes issues or is seen by society as undesirable
Serial Killers
a person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate events
mass murderer
involves the killing of four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event
spree killer
engages in a rampage of violence over a period of days or weeks.
