9-10

Question 1

Latent Trait Theory

Answer 1

states that certain people have a personal characteristic that’s responsible for their need to commit crime.

Question 2

understanding the ways in which people live and the various factors that affect psychological, physical, and social health.
Specifically, how individual’s experiences affect them as they age.

Answer 2

Life Course Theorists view of crime

Question 3

Problem Behavior Syndrome

Answer 3

an adolescent who exhibits problem behaviors or any risk-taking behavior (e.g. alcohol and drug use, truancy, delinquency) is said to have Problem-Behavior Syndrome (PBS).

Question 4

Authority Conflict Pathway

Answer 4

begins at an early age with stubborn behavior.followed by disobedience

Question 5

Laub & Sampson’s work/research

Answer 5

a turning point in a person’s life course (e.g. marriage, employment) can affect a criminal career.

Question 6

Trajectory Theory

Answer 6

assume there is more than one type of criminal and more than one criminal path.

subgroups within a population that follow distinctively different developmental routes toward and away from a criminal career.

Question 7

General Theory of Crime

Answer 7

Gottfredson and Hirschi’s developmental theory that links crime to impulsivity and a lack of self-control.

Question 8

a life-course learning theory that integrates recent findings in criminology and allied disciplines and recasts them into a new learning framework

Answer 8

Social Schematic Theory

Question 9

Crime and Human Nature Model

Answer 9

individual-level factors played a significant role in shaping behavior choices
Wilson and Herrnstein

Question 10

Filicide

Answer 10

Murder of an older child.

Question 11

Economic Compulsive Behavior

Answer 11

drug users resort to violence to support their habit.

Question 12

Psychopharmacological Relationship

Answer 12

the direct consequence of ingesting mood-altering substances.

Question 13

Deliberate Indifference

Answer 13

The deliberate indifference standard is met when a person knows of and yet disregards or ignores an excessive risk to another’s health or safety.

Question 14

Instrumental Violence

Answer 14

Violence used in a rational, controlled, and purposeful fashion

Question 15

rape

Answer 15

the carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will.
involves nonconsensual sexual intercourse inflicted on a female by a male.

Question 16

hate crime

Answer 16

violent acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group merely because the targets share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic

Question 17

Relational Aggression

Answer 17

Psychological and emotional abuse that involves the spreading of smears, rumors, and private information in order to harm a partner.

Question 18

Cathy Widom Hypothesis

Answer 18

a childhood history of physical abuse predisposes the survivor to becoming violent themselves in later years
(cycleof violence)

Question 19

Case of Michigan v. Lewis

Answer 19

the Supreme Court upheld the validity of shield laws and ruled that excluding evidence of a prior sexual relationship between the parties did not violate the defendant’s right to a fair trial.

Question 20

Problem Behaviors Examples: Social

Answer 20

Family dysfunction Unemployment, Educational underachievement, bad School behaviors (school misconduct)

Question 21

Problem behaviors examples: Environmental

Answer 21

High-crime area, Disorganized area, Racism, Exposure to poverty

Question 22

Problem behaviors examples: personal

Answer 22

Substance abuse, Suicide attempts, Early sexuality, Premature death, Poor health, Sensation seeking, Early parenthood, Accident prone, Medical problem, Mental disease, Anxiety, Eating disorders (bulimia, anorexia)

Question 23

propensity theory

Answer 23

suggests that human development is controlled by a master latent trait that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person’s lifetime.

Question 24

population heterogeneity

Answer 24

The propensity to commit crime is stable; those who have it continue to commit crime over their life course.

Question 25

state dependence

Answer 25

suggests that people change and develop as they mature; life events have a significant influence on future behavior.

Question 26

the view that kids who begin engaging in antisocial behaviors at a very early age are the ones most at risk for a criminal career is known as ________.

Answer 26

early onset

Question 27

the causal association between early delinquent offending and later adult deviant behavior involves the quality of relationships encountered at different times in human development

Answer 27

age graded theory

Question 28

Which theory holds to the tenet that getting married helps people stay out of trouble?

Answer 28

age-graded theory

Question 29

________ is the tendency of prior social problems to produce future ones that accumulate and undermine success.

Answer 29

Cumulative disadvantage

Question 30

three views of criminal career development

Answer 30

life course theory trajectory theory propensity/latent trait theory

Question 31

five classes based on their offending histories

Answer 31

``` Non-offenders, Low-rate adolescence peak offenders, Very-low-rate chronic offenders, High-rate adolescence peak offenders, High-rate chronic offenders ```

Question 32

covert pathway

Answer 32

A path to a criminal career that begins with minor underhanded behavior and progresses to fire starting and theft.

Question 33

overt pathway

Answer 33

Pathway to a criminal career that begins with minor aggression, leads to physical fighting, and eventually escalates to violent crime.

Question 34

expressive violence

Answer 34

Violence that is designed not for profit or gain but to vent rage, anger, or frustration.

Question 35

eros

Answer 35

the life instinct, which drives people toward self-fulfillment and enjoyment

Question 36

criminogenic knowledge structure (cks)

Answer 36

negative life events are connected and produce a hostile view of people and relationships

Question 37

Adolescent-limited offenders

Answer 37

may be considered typical teenagers who get into minor scrapes and engage in what might be considered rebellious teenage behavior with their friends.

Question 38

life course persisters

Answer 38

they begin their offending career at a very early age and continue to offend well into adulthood

Question 39

systemic link

Answer 39

A link between drugs and violence that occurs when drug dealers turn violent in their competition with rival gangs

Question 39

subculture of violence

Answer 39

In urban areas, neighborhoods that experience violence seem to cluster together.

Question 39

virility mystique

Answer 39

males must separate their sexual feelings from their need for love, respect, and affection.

Question 40

narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 40

a pattern of traits and behaviors that indicate infatuation and fixation with one’s self to the exclusion of all others and the egotistic and ruthless pursuit of one’s own gratification, dominance, and ambition.

Question 41

types of hate crimes

Answer 41

Thrill-seeking hate crimes Reactive (defensive) hate crimes Mission hate crimes Retaliatory hate crimes

Question 42

Stalkers use a number of strategies:

Answer 42

Surveillance, Life invasion ,Intimidation, Interference through sabotage or attack

Question 43

Substance abuse influences violence in three ways:

Answer 43

psychopharmacological relationship economic compulsive behavior systemic link

Question 44

Varieties of Forcible Rape

Answer 44

Anger rape - expressing and discharging pent-up anger and rage Power rape-goal is sexual conquest Sadistic rape-both sexuality and aggression.

Question 45

four types of mass murderers:

Answer 45

“Revenge killers” “Love killers” “Profit killers” “Terrorist killers”

Question 45

types of serial killers

Answer 45

“Thrill killers” strive for either sexual sadism or dominance “Mission killers” want to reform the world or have a vision that drives them to kill. “Expedience killers” are out for profit or want to protect themselves from a perceived threat.

Question 46

In fact, approximately 17 percent of all serial homicides in the United States are committed by women; in contrast, only 10 percent of total murders in the US are committed by women. African Americans comprise the largest racial minority group among serial killers, representing approximately 20 percent of the total.

Question 47

Problem-Behavior Theory

Answer 47

problem-behavior as any behavior that causes issues or is seen by society as undesirable

Question 48

Serial Killers

Answer 48

a person who kills three or more persons in three or more separate events

Question 49

mass murderer

Answer 49

involves the killing of four or more victims by one or a few assailants within a single event

Question 50

spree killer

Answer 50

engages in a rampage of violence over a period of days or weeks.