Chapter 3 Flashcards
Token Economy
A system for doling out symbolic reinforcers that are exchanged later for a variety of genuine reinforcers
Stress
Any circumstances that threaten or are perceived to threaten one’s well–being and thereby tax one’s coping abilities
Social Support
Aid and succor provided by members of one’s social networks.
Shaping
Modifying behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of a desired response
Secondary Appraisal
An evaluation of one’s coping resources and options for dealing with stress
Psychosomatic Disease
Genuine physical ailments caused in part by psychological factors, especially emotional distress
Primary Appraisal
An initial evaluation of whether an event is (1) irrelevant to one, (2) relevant, but not threatening, or (3) stressful.
Pressure
Expectations or demands that one behave in a certain way.
PTSD
Disturbed behavior that emerges sometime after a major stressful event is over.
Optimism
A general tendency to expect good outcomes
Life Changes
Any noticeable alterations in one’s living circumstances that require readjustment
Internal Conflict
The struggle that occurs when two or more incompatible motivations or behavioral impulses compete for expression
Hardiness
A personality syndrome marked by commitment, challenge, and control that is purportedly associated with strong stress resistance
General Adaption syndrome
A model of the body’s stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
Frustration
The feelings that occur in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted.
Fight or Flight
A physiological reaction to threat that mobilizes an organism for attacking (fight) or fleeing (flight) an enemy
Endocrine
Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream
Emotions
Powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes
Coping
Active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
Chronic Stressors
Threatening events that have a relatively long duration and no readily apparent time limit
Burnout
Physical, mental, and emotional exhaustion that is attributable to work–related stress.
Behavioral Contract
A written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program
Behavior Modification
A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning
Avoidance-Avoidance
A conflict in which a choice must be made between two unattractive goals
Autonomic System
That portion of the peripheral nervous system made up of the nerves that connect to the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles, and glands
Approach-Avoidance
A conflict in which a choice must be made about whether to pursue a single goal that has both attractive and unattractive aspects
Approach-Approach
A conflict in which a choice must be made between two attractive goals
Anticipatory Stressors
Upcoming or future events that are perceived to be threatening
Antecedents
In behavior modification, events that typically precede a target response.
Ambient Stress
Chronic environmental conditions that, although not urgent, are negatively valued and place adaptive demands on people
Acute Stressors
Threatening events that have a relatively short duration and a clear end point
Acculturation
Changing to adapt to a new culture
Whenever others expect you to conform to their expectations or perform in certain ways, you tend to experience:
a. anger.
b. conflict.
c. frustration.
d. pressure.
D
The correct order of stages in the general adaptation syndrome is:
a. resistance, alarm, exhaustion.
b. alarm, exhaustion, resistance.
c. resistance, exhaustion, alarm.
d. alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
D
________ involves active efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands of stress.
a. Coping
b. Adjustment
c. Stress tolerance
d. General adaptation
A
________ variables are factors that can soften the impact of stress on physical and mental health.
a. Intervening
b. Dependent
c. Moderator
d. Extraneous
C
The “fight-or-flight” response was first described by:
a. Martin Seligman.
b. Ray Rosenman.
c. Walter Cannon.
d. Hans Selye.
C
Whether or not an event is stressful is most likely to depend on:
a. how much physiological arousal it causes.
b. how much change there is.
c. how one appraises and adapts to the event.
d. whether one is prepared for the event.
C
Research suggests that positive emotional reactions to stress may have the adaptive quality of enhancing:
a. fear reactions.
b. social, intellectual, and physical resources.
c. avoidance strategies.
d. use of defense mechanisms.
B
Which of the following appears to be a key factor in predicting who is most likely to develop PTSD following a traumatic event?
a. The age of the victim
b. The place of the traumatic event
c. The intensity of the traumatic event
d. Biological aspects of the individual
C
You realize that no matter how much you hate mathematics, you will not be able to drop out of calculus class this semester if you want to go to the graduate school of your choice. You hunker down for a miserable semester of hard and studious labor. You are in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
a. alarm
b. exhaustion
c. resistance
d. extinction
C
The four major types of stress described in your textbook are:
a. pressure, anxiety, environment, and social demands.
b. frustration, anger, pressure, and change.
c. frustration, internal conflict, pressure, and change.
d. internal conflict, pressure, anxiety, and social demands.
C
Robert has decided to reinforce his increased study time target by adding a star to a chart every time he studies one hour. He has decided that every 20 stars, he can do an activity with his friends for four hours. His idea is a form of:
a. shaping.
b. self-denial.
c. token economy.
d. satiation.
C
The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
a. conserves bodily resources.
b. arouses sympathy for those in stressful circumstances.
c. mobilizes bodily resources for emergencies.
d. calms the body after the fight-or-flight response
C
Don just completed writing a 10-page report. When he tried to save it, the computer crashed and he lost all his work. What type of stress is Don most likely experiencing?
A. Frustration
B. Conflict
C. Life change
D. Pressure
a
Betty is having a hard time deciding whether she should buy a coat. On the one hand, it is a name brand coat on sale for a great price. On the other hand, it is an ugly mold-green color. Better is experiencing what type of conflict?
A. Approach-Approach
B. Avoidance-Avoidance
C. Approach-Avoidance
D. Life change
c
The optimal level of arousal for a task appears to depend in part on
A. One’s position on the optimism/pessimism scale
B. How much physiological change an event stimulates.
C. The complexity of the task at hand.
D. How imminent a stressful event it
c
The fight-or-flight response is mediated by the
A. Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system
B. Sympathetic division of the endocrine system
C. Parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous systems..
D. Parasympathetic division of the endocrine system.
a
Selye exposed lab animals to various stressors and found that
A. Each type of stress caused a particular physiological response
B. Each type of animal responded to stress differently
C. Patterns of physiological arousal were similar, regardless of the type of stress
D. Patterns of physiological arousal were different, even when stressors were similar.
c
Stress can __________ the functioning of the immune system.
A. Stimulate
B. Destroy
C. Suppress
D. Enhance
c
Salvador works as an art director at an advertising agency. His boss overloads him with responsibility but never gives him any credit for all his hard work. He feels worn down, disillusioned, and helpless at work. Salvador is probably experiencing
A. An alarm reaction
B. Burnout
C. PTSD
D. A psychosomatic disorder
b
Joan has a personal disposition marked by commitment, challenge, and control. She appears to be stress tolerant. This disposition is referred to as
A. Hardiness
B. Optimism
C. Courage
D. Conscientiousness
b
A system providing for symbolic reinforcers is called a(n)
A. Extinction System
B. Token economy
C. Endocrine system
D. Symbolic reinforcement system.
b
Susan Folkman
Postive Emotion
Positive emotional style is associate with
A. Resilience
B. Enhanced immune response
C. Mental toughness
D. Optimism
B
Suzanne Ouellette
Hardiness
Richard Lazarus + Susan Folkman
Primary and secondary appraisal
Robert Sapolsky
Anticipatory stressors
Neal Miller
Three types of conflicts
