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HSCI: Human Sexuality > Chapter 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main challenges when studying human sexuality?

A
  1. Research subject honesty
  2. Finding a representative sample (usually it’s bold liberal ppl who volunteer)
  3. Finding an appropriate research method (balancing invasiveness with accuracy)
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2
Q

What are 2 scenarios that disqualify a study from being random?

A

Non-random sampling can include a scenario where the participants are chosen based on their availability or willingness to participate, the participants might not accurately represent the target population

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3
Q

Explain the difference between median and mode.

A

Median: central tendency aka the middle number

Mode: the most frequent number/answer

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4
Q

When did the first modern textbook about sex come out?

A

1886!

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5
Q

The first modern text on sex, psychopathia sexualis, had a key flaw, what was it?

A

It pathologized alot, especially same sex relationships

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6
Q

What was revolutionary about Kinsley? What was a problem with his approach?

A

He was the first to do large scale interviews on sex. There was sampling bias in that it was quite white washed and the people willing were usually very liberal

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7
Q

What was revolutionary about Masters and Johnsons? What was a common fault?

A

MJ were the first to do a wide scale study of human responses to sex/sensual things. Very white washed, thus not representative of the population especially today

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8
Q

Explain the difference between the qualitative method and quantitative method. What is the benefit to each type of research method?

A

Qualitative: Open ended, discussion questions

Quantitive: Organizable or measurable method questions

qualitative is great when trying to understand what the right questions to as are. quantitative is great for understanding or analyzing something critically and accurately

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of research done for sexual behaviour?

A
  1. Descriptive design (direct observation, interview, case study, content analysis)
  2. Correlational design (survey, archival data mining)
  3. Experimental
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10
Q

What are descriptive designs useful for?

A
  • generating research ideas

- summarizing patterns of behaviour

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11
Q

What is direct observation and what are it’s flaws?

A

Simply a monitoring of sexual or relational behaviour. Recall bias and responder bias

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12
Q

What are interviews used for, and what are some of their weaknesses as a research method?

A

Detailed account of an individuals history and beliefs. Recall bias and responder bias

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13
Q

What is the purpose of a case study? What are some of it’s weaknesses as a research method?

A

Examines an event or a group of individuals over a long period of time. Interpretation bias, lack of control or experimental design and poor generalizability

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14
Q

Explain content analysis as a research method. What are some of its cons?

A
  • Analyzing the meaning in a body of text or a set of observations
  • Con: Non-quantifiable results
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15
Q

What is a correlational design? What is a con of this research method?

A
  • Analyzing the strength of a correlation between two variables
  • Con: there could be confounding variables that confuse interpretation, and correlation does not always equal causation
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16
Q

What is the con of using a survey as a research method?

A
  • memory bias/ recall bias

- responder bias

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17
Q

What is archival data mining and what are some of the cons?

A
  • When one sorts through records or pre-existing data

- Con: incomplete records can lead to wrong conclusion, and information may be out of date

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18
Q

What is quantitative sensory testing? Why is it important?

A

It analysis the bodies physiological response to stimulus. Important to us because alot of genital sensory testing is done to help understand conditions like vaginismus

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19
Q

What does fMRI stand for? What is it used for?

A

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

fMRI is used to measure brain activity relating to sexual function or dysfunction

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20
Q

What are 2 major problems with fMRI?

A
  • fMRI studies often don’t have a control group

- Depends heavily on a researchers ability to interpret data

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21
Q

What are the 3 benefits to studying animal sexuality?

A
  1. Help us to understand normal vs abnormal
  2. Helps us clarify cause and effect relationships
  3. Helps us to test treatment models
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22
Q

What is the main problem with using animal models?

A

Anthromorphizing: giving animals human reasons for their actions

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23
Q

Order the following in terms of their location on a person laying on their back: mons pubis, urethral opening, clitoral hood, clitoris, anus, vaginal opening

A

Mons pubis, clitoral hood, clitoris, urethral opening, vaginal opening, anus

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24
Q

What does the perineum include?

A

Everything from mons pubis to anus

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25
Q

What does the vestibule include?

A

Urethral opening and vaginal opening

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the mons pubis?

A
  1. Acts as a cushion during sexual intercourse

2. Many nerve endings for arousal

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27
Q

What is the function of pubic hair on the mons pubis?

A
  1. Pheromonal signalling

2. Protection against friction during sexual intercourse

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28
Q

Why is it more common for women to reach orgasm during sex from clitoral stimulation rather than vaginal?

A

Women’s clitoris has many many more nerve endings than a woman’s vagina

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29
Q

Is the clitoris homologous or analogous to the penis?

A

Homologous since they’re similar in structure and come from the same embryonic tissue

NOT analogous because they have different functions (used for urination as well)

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30
Q

What was a controversial opinion Freud had on women’s sexual pleasure?

A

That women had “immature” and “mature” orgasms: the immature orgasms being from clitoral stimulation and the mature being from vaginal stimulus

31
Q

What unwanted substance can the clitoral hood accumulate and how is it dealt with?

A

Smegma

Can be washed away

32
Q

What is the function of the labia majora?

A
  • sexual stimulation

- protection for clitoris and labia minora

33
Q

What are the labia minora important in?

A

Important to sexual arousal

34
Q

What is vulvar vestibule?

A

Especially sensitive entranceway to the vagina and urethral opening

35
Q

What are secondary sex traits and what are some examples?

A

Traits that distinguish cis women from cis men.

  • mammary glands
  • areola
36
Q

What are some risk factors for breast cancer?

A

Age
Genetics
Heavy drinking
High amounts of fatty tissue in the body

37
Q

What are the ways in which breast cancer can be detected?

A
  • mammography
38
Q

What are treatments done to prevent or cure breast cancer?

A
  • mastectomy: surgical removal of some or all breast tissue

- lumpectomy: surgical removal of a lump from the breast tissue

39
Q

What are the 3 layers to the vagina? Describe each one.

A
  • vaginal mucosa: inner lining, can be seen by opening up the labia minora
  • middle layer: very muscular
  • outter layer: connecting vagina to other pelvic structures
40
Q

What is 2 of the functions of vaginal wall mucosa?

A
  1. Release secretions to create a slightly acidic chemical balance
  2. Release lubricant during arousal to create a more alkaline environment for sperm as well as reduce friction within the vagina
41
Q

What is the purpose of bartholin’s glands?

A

Unsure: may aid lubrication

42
Q

What are the risk factors for cervix cancer?

A
  1. HPV
  2. Smoking
  3. Early sexual activity
  4. Many sexual partners
  5. Weakened immune system
  6. History of STI
43
Q

What are the layers of the uterus?

A
  1. Endometrium: shed during mensutration
  2. Myometrium: muscular layer
  3. Perimetrium: deepest layer,smooth
44
Q

What is the most common uterine cancer?

A

Endometrial cancer

45
Q

What is a key symptom of endometrial cancer?

A

Strange bleeding after menopause

46
Q

The ovaries are a endocrine gland, therefore what hormones do they produce?

A

Estrogen and progestin

47
Q

Where does fertilization occur in the fallopian tubes? Where is it located?

A

Infundibulum

Located closest to the ovary

48
Q

What is a ectopic pregnancy?

A

When pregnancy develops in the fallopian tubes

49
Q

What are the risk factors of ovarian cancer?

A
  • endometriosis
  • smoking
  • nulparity
50
Q

What are the 3 functions of the penis?

A
  1. Sexual pleasure
  2. Urination
  3. Reproduction
51
Q

What are the 3 internal structures of the penis?

A
  1. Corpora cavernosa: 2 cylinders of spongy tissue that fill with blood and harden during arousal
  2. Corpus spongiosum: contains the urethra
52
Q

What is Phimosis?

A

Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin has tightened over the penis and can’t be withdrawn from the glans

53
Q

What is Priapism?

A

Priapism is a condition where there is a prolonged and painful erection

54
Q

What are some of the pros of circumcision?

A

Pros of circumcision:

  • decrease in infant uti
  • decrease in some sti
  • decrease in adult penile cancer
  • decrease in or correct phimosis
55
Q

What are the cons of circumcision?

A
  • procedure has the risk of infection/shock/mutilation
  • heightened pain response to vaccinations
  • ethics dilemma
56
Q

What are the 2 layers of the scrotum?

A

Outer layer: has a little hair

Inner layer: involuntary muscle called dartos

57
Q

What is the purpose of the spermatic cord?

A
  • suspends the testes in the scrotum

- contains vas deferens, blood vessels and nerves

58
Q

what is the purpose of the vas deferens?

A

Tube that carries sperm from testicles to the ejaculatory duct

59
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A
  • secrete male sex hormone

- produce sperm

60
Q

Where do sperm mature?

A

The epididymus

61
Q

What contributes the most ejaculatory fluid?

A

Seminal vesicle

62
Q

What is the purpose of the cowper’s gland?

A

Pre-ejaculate that readies the urethra for the ejaculate

63
Q

What are the 2 ways the prostate cancer is detected?

A
  • PSA exam

- Digital rectal exam

64
Q

What is testicular torsion?

A
  • twisting of spermatic chord

- cuts off blood flow to testicles

65
Q

Is testicular cancer common?

A

No it’s pretty rare

66
Q

What is the concern with an enlarged prostate?

A

Prostate surrounds the upper part of the urethra, so it can constrict the urethra which causes many problems

67
Q

What is prostatis? What are the symptoms?

A

Is an inflammation of the prostate

Pain upon ejaculation, and may lead to erectile dysfunction

68
Q

What are the 2 ways erections can occur?

A
  • psychogenic: thoughts/visual

- reflexogenic: tactile stimulation

69
Q

What are the 2 stages of the ejaculation stage?

A

Emission and Expulsion

70
Q

Explain the points of the emission stage?

A

Contractions of the prostate gland, seminal vesicle, upper part of vas deferens

71
Q

What are the main points of the expulsion stage?

A

Propulsion of the ejaculation fluid
Muscles contract rhythmically
Release of pleasure hormones

72
Q

Explain the stages of the sexual response cycle

A
  1. Desire phase
  2. Arousal stage
  3. Plateau phase
  4. Orgasm phase
  5. Resolution phase
73
Q

What are the 2 fundamental processes of sexual response?

A

Myotonia: muscle tension
Vascocongestion: swelling

HSCI: Human Sexuality (12 decks)

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