Chapter 3 & 4

Question 1

Passive surveillance

Answer 1

using the data that has already been found (by the healthcare provider either mandatory or highly encouraged to give the information

Question 2

Active Surveillance

Answer 2

staff are recruited to go out and generate their own data - solely gather data from facilitates

Question 3

Incidence rates

Answer 3

defined as the number of new cases of a disease that occur in a specified period of time in a population at risk in developing the disease.

of new cases at risk in a designated time period
Equation:
# of new cases in specific period of time
________________________________ X 1000
# of people at risk in specific period of time

Question 4

Prevalence rates

Answer 4

Can be viewed as a snapshot or a slice through the population at a point in time at which we determine who has the disease and who does not

defined as the number of affected persons present in the population at a specific time divided by the number of persons in the population at that time

Equation:
# of new cases and pre-existing cases of a disease in the population at a specific time
________________________________ X 1000
# of people in the population at that specifed time

Point _______: ______ of the disease at a certian point in time
Period _____: how many people have had the disease at any point during a certain time period

Question 5

Rate

Answer 5

One population may have a higher disease prevalence but it is a result of higher survival rates.

Question 6

Mortality Rates vs. Case fatality rates

Answer 6

Mortality Rates:
Total # of deaths from all causes in 1 year
_________________________________ X 1000
# of persons in the population at midyear (midyear is used as an approximation - because population changes over time)

Case fatality rates:
# of individuals dying during a specific period of time after disease onset or diagnosis
_________________________________ X 1000
# of indicivuduals with with the specified disease

Question 7

Crude rates vs. adjusted rates

Answer 7

Adjust rates based on your population you are studying . For example, looking at mortality rates in children you would use

age-adjusted rates: dividing the number of events (deaths) in that age group by the estimated population of the same age group in that area and then multiplying by a constant of 100,000.

o Indirect adjustment: taking known population estimates and applying them to your sample or your population
o Direct Adjustment: observed values
o Measuring quality of life

Crude Rates: They are calculated by dividing the total number of cases in a given time period by the total number of persons in the population

Question 8

DALYs

Answer 8

disability-adjusted life year: DALYs for a disease or health condition are calculated as the sum of the Years of Life Lost (YLL) due to premature mortality in the population and the Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) for people living with the health condition or its consequences:

Question 9

YPLL

Answer 9

Years of Potential Life lost: The numerical difference between a predetermined end point age (usually age 75) and the age at death for a death or deaths that occurred prior to that end point age.

YPLL = (Predetermined end point age – Age of decedent who died prior to end point age)