Chapter 14

Question 1

Spurious Associations

Answer 1

(fake relationship): Concluding that there is a relationship but actually there is not.
ex. Vaccinations cause autism

Question 2

Case-control studies

Answer 2

Having a control group and comparing it to the experimental group. Trying to develop some sort of intervention.

Question 3

Cohort study

Answer 3

Looking at a (group) of people and comparing the group of people
Ex. Smokers vs. Nonsmokers
-Education level is an example of a cohort

Question 4

How to establish a causal relationship

Answer 4

You should only be establishing causality if there is an association.

- Temporal (a→b)
- Dose-response (as a increases, b increases)
- Consideration of alternate explanations
- Strength of association (which is assumed)

Question 5

Confounding variable

Answer 5

3rd variable the influences relationship between A and B.

Question 6

Covariate

Answer 6

A factor that influences how the exposure leads to the outcome.

- AKA control variable
- Understood that this variable is important and impacts your model.
- Accounted for in your model

Question 7

unplanned or natural experiments

Answer 7

we take advantage of groups of people that have been exposed for non-study purposes
Ex. people who work with chemicals or miners