Chapter 3&4 Flashcards
Who discovered the electron?
Thomson
Who had the first atomic theory
2nd and 3rd theories incorrect
John Dalton
How were electrons discovered
Studying cathode rays
Who created the “plum pudding” model
Thomson
What was the “ plum pudding” model
The entire atom was positive with electrons scattered around
Who discovered the nucleus
Rutherford
How was the nucleus discovered
By using the “gold foil” method
What was the probability of an atom bouncing straight back using the “gold foil” method and why did they bounce back
1/8000
They were positive so they must have hit something else positive
What is the size of a nucleus compared to an atom
Diameter of a nucleus is 1/10,000 that of an atom
How many electrons does it take to weigh as much as one proton
1836
Who later discovered protons?
Rutherford
Is a neutron lighter or heavier than a proton
A neutron is slightly heavier than a proton
When was the first atomic theory made and by whom
John dalton in 1808
When was the electron discovered and by whom
Thomson in 1897
When was the nucleus discovered and by whom
Rutherford in 1911
Who discovered the neutron
Chadwick
When was the neutron discovered and by whom
Chadwick in 1932
What are the five points of the modern atomic theory
- Atoms consist of dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in an electron cloud
- Atoms have a diameter of about 1Å and the nucleus has a diameter of about 0.0001Å
- Nucleus contains all positive charge & most mass of atom
- Protons and electrons are equal in neutral atom
- (-)electrons are attracted to the (+)nucleus
What does the Atomic Number represent
The number of protons= the number of electrons
What does the Mass Number represent
Sum of the # of protons + # of neutrons
What is hydrogen-1
Protium
What is hydrogen-2
Deuterium
What is hydrogen-3
Tritium
How many atoms is one mole
1 mole=6.02x10^23
What is the avg atomic mass
How much one mole of that element weighs
What is a particle in the nucleus containing protons and neutrons
Nucleon
What is a nuclide
Am atom
What is an action that changes the nucleus
Nuclear reaction
What are the four types of nuclear reactions
Radioactive decay
Nuclear bombardment
Fission
Fusion
What is spontaneous emission of particles and or energy from an unstable nucleus
Radioactive decay
Who discovered radioactive decay and when
Becquerel in 1896
What are the 5 types of decay
Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma radiation Positron emission Electron capture
What is the emission of negatively charged beta particles
Beta decay
What is the emission of positively charged alpha particles
Alpha decay
What is the release of positively charged positrons
Positron emission
What is the emission of high energy gamma rays
Gamma radiation
What is when the nucleus pulls in electrons from lowest energy level
Electron capture
What is the most penetrating type of decay and what can it be stopped with
Gamma radiation with lead
What is the least penetrating type of decay and what can it by stopped by
Alpha decay with paper
What type of decay can be stopped with a thick piece of wood
Beta decay
Alpha decay relationship
X –> 4/2H + y
Symbol can also be weird fish thing
Beta decay relationship
X –> 0/-1e + y
Gamma radiation relationship
There is no mass and makes no change
Positron emission relationship
X –> 0/+1e + y
Electron capture relationship
X + 0/-1e –> y
How are transuranium elements formed
By using nuclear bombardment
What is the process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two medium sized nuclei
Fission
What is where reactant in nuclear reaction is also a product to start another reaction
Chain reaction
What is an uncontrolled fission chain reaction
Atomic bomb
What is a controlled fission chain reaction
Nuclear reactor makes energy
What do all nuclear reactors use
Fission
When and where was the first atomic bomb dropped
Hiroshima on Aug 6, 1945
When and where was the second atomic bomb dropped
Nagasaki on Aug 9, 1945
Name three nuclear accidents and when they occurred
Three Mile Island, PA in 1979
Chernobyl, Soviet Union in 1986
Fukushima, Japan in 2011
What was the impact for the Chernobyl nuclear accident on the US
US stopped building new nuclear power plants
What is the fuel used in nuclear reactors
Uranium-235 or plutonium-239
What is a moderator and give examples
Slows down neutrons to more easily be captured by nuclei
Graphite or water
What are control rods and give examples
Absorb excess neutrons
Cadmium or boron
What are examples of coolants in a nuclear reactor
Water or heavy water
Describe shielding in a nuclear reactor
Concrete with lead
Water
Concrete
Lead
Advantages of fission
Lots of energy from small amount of fuel
No air pollution
Disadvantages of fission
Scarce fuel
Nuclear waste storage and disposal
Sabotage of fuel-theft
What is when two light nuclei combine or fuse to form a heavier nucleus
Fusion
Advantages of fusion
Even more energy from small amount of fuel
No air pollution
Plenty of fuel
Disadvantages of fission
Need impossibly high temp
Protons contain three fundamental particles called what
Quarks
What is 1Å equal to
1x10^-10m
1x10^2pm
What is an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in overall electric charge
Plasma
What consists of heating and compressing a fuel target typically in the form of a pellet containing deuterium and tritium
Inertial confinement fusion
What consists of confining a plasma made of deuterium and tritium nuclei with magnetic fields
Magnetic confinement fusion
What is the ITER and where is it located
International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor in southern France
How many countries are involved in ITER
34
What is the state of matter for the deuterium and tritium in the ITER
Plasma
What is the NIF and where is it located
National Ignition Facility in California
What heats the mixture of deuterium and tritium
High-energy laser beams
What kind of confinement fusion does the NIF use
Inertial confinement fusion
