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Chemistry > Chapter 3&4 > Flashcards

Chapter 3&4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Who discovered the electron?

A

Thomson

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1
Q

Who had the first atomic theory

2nd and 3rd theories incorrect

A

John Dalton

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2
Q

How were electrons discovered

A

Studying cathode rays

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3
Q

Who created the “plum pudding” model

A

Thomson

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4
Q

What was the “ plum pudding” model

A

The entire atom was positive with electrons scattered around

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5
Q

Who discovered the nucleus

A

Rutherford

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6
Q

How was the nucleus discovered

A

By using the “gold foil” method

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7
Q

What was the probability of an atom bouncing straight back using the “gold foil” method and why did they bounce back

A

1/8000

They were positive so they must have hit something else positive

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8
Q

What is the size of a nucleus compared to an atom

A

Diameter of a nucleus is 1/10,000 that of an atom

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9
Q

How many electrons does it take to weigh as much as one proton

A

1836

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10
Q

Who later discovered protons?

A

Rutherford

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11
Q

Is a neutron lighter or heavier than a proton

A

A neutron is slightly heavier than a proton

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12
Q

When was the first atomic theory made and by whom

A

John dalton in 1808

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13
Q

When was the electron discovered and by whom

A

Thomson in 1897

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14
Q

When was the nucleus discovered and by whom

A

Rutherford in 1911

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15
Q

Who discovered the neutron

A

Chadwick

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16
Q

When was the neutron discovered and by whom

A

Chadwick in 1932

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17
Q

What are the five points of the modern atomic theory

A
  1. Atoms consist of dense nucleus surrounded by electrons in an electron cloud
  2. Atoms have a diameter of about 1Å and the nucleus has a diameter of about 0.0001Å
  3. Nucleus contains all positive charge & most mass of atom
  4. Protons and electrons are equal in neutral atom
  5. (-)electrons are attracted to the (+)nucleus
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18
Q

What does the Atomic Number represent

A

The number of protons= the number of electrons

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19
Q

What does the Mass Number represent

A

Sum of the # of protons + # of neutrons

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20
Q

What is hydrogen-1

A

Protium

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21
Q

What is hydrogen-2

A

Deuterium

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22
Q

What is hydrogen-3

A

Tritium

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23
Q

How many atoms is one mole

A

1 mole=6.02x10^23

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24
Q

What is the avg atomic mass

A

How much one mole of that element weighs

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25
Q

What is a particle in the nucleus containing protons and neutrons

A

Nucleon

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26
Q

What is a nuclide

A

Am atom

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27
Q

What is an action that changes the nucleus

A

Nuclear reaction

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28
Q

What are the four types of nuclear reactions

A

Radioactive decay
Nuclear bombardment
Fission
Fusion

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29
Q

What is spontaneous emission of particles and or energy from an unstable nucleus

A

Radioactive decay

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30
Q

Who discovered radioactive decay and when

A

Becquerel in 1896

31
Q

What are the 5 types of decay

A 
Alpha decay
Beta decay
Gamma radiation
Positron emission
Electron capture
32
Q

What is the emission of negatively charged beta particles

A

Beta decay

33
Q

What is the emission of positively charged alpha particles

A

Alpha decay

34
Q

What is the release of positively charged positrons

A

Positron emission

35
Q

What is the emission of high energy gamma rays

A

Gamma radiation

36
Q

What is when the nucleus pulls in electrons from lowest energy level

A

Electron capture

37
Q

What is the most penetrating type of decay and what can it be stopped with

A

Gamma radiation with lead

38
Q

What is the least penetrating type of decay and what can it by stopped by

A

Alpha decay with paper

39
Q

What type of decay can be stopped with a thick piece of wood

A

Beta decay

40
Q

Alpha decay relationship

A

X –> 4/2H + y

Symbol can also be weird fish thing

41
Q

Beta decay relationship

A

X –> 0/-1e + y

42
Q

Gamma radiation relationship

A

There is no mass and makes no change

43
Q

Positron emission relationship

A

X –> 0/+1e + y

44
Q

Electron capture relationship

A

X + 0/-1e –> y

45
Q

How are transuranium elements formed

A

By using nuclear bombardment

46
Q

What is the process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two medium sized nuclei

A

Fission

47
Q

What is where reactant in nuclear reaction is also a product to start another reaction

A

Chain reaction

48
Q

What is an uncontrolled fission chain reaction

A

Atomic bomb

49
Q

What is a controlled fission chain reaction

A

Nuclear reactor makes energy

50
Q

What do all nuclear reactors use

A

Fission

51
Q

When and where was the first atomic bomb dropped

A

Hiroshima on Aug 6, 1945

52
Q

When and where was the second atomic bomb dropped

A

Nagasaki on Aug 9, 1945

53
Q

Name three nuclear accidents and when they occurred

A

Three Mile Island, PA in 1979
Chernobyl, Soviet Union in 1986
Fukushima, Japan in 2011

54
Q

What was the impact for the Chernobyl nuclear accident on the US

A

US stopped building new nuclear power plants

55
Q

What is the fuel used in nuclear reactors

A

Uranium-235 or plutonium-239

56
Q

What is a moderator and give examples

A

Slows down neutrons to more easily be captured by nuclei

Graphite or water

57
Q

What are control rods and give examples

A

Absorb excess neutrons

Cadmium or boron

58
Q

What are examples of coolants in a nuclear reactor

A

Water or heavy water

59
Q

Describe shielding in a nuclear reactor

A

Concrete with lead
Water
Concrete
Lead

60
Q

Advantages of fission

A

Lots of energy from small amount of fuel

No air pollution

61
Q

Disadvantages of fission

A

Scarce fuel
Nuclear waste storage and disposal
Sabotage of fuel-theft

62
Q

What is when two light nuclei combine or fuse to form a heavier nucleus

A

Fusion

63
Q

Advantages of fusion

A

Even more energy from small amount of fuel
No air pollution
Plenty of fuel

64
Q

Disadvantages of fission

A

Need impossibly high temp

65
Q

Protons contain three fundamental particles called what

A

Quarks

66
Q

What is 1Å equal to

A

1x10^-10m

1x10^2pm

67
Q

What is an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons in proportions resulting in overall electric charge

A

Plasma

68
Q

What consists of heating and compressing a fuel target typically in the form of a pellet containing deuterium and tritium

A

Inertial confinement fusion

69
Q

What consists of confining a plasma made of deuterium and tritium nuclei with magnetic fields

A

Magnetic confinement fusion

70
Q

What is the ITER and where is it located

A

International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor in southern France

71
Q

How many countries are involved in ITER

A

34

72
Q

What is the state of matter for the deuterium and tritium in the ITER

A

Plasma

73
Q

What is the NIF and where is it located

A

National Ignition Facility in California

74
Q

What heats the mixture of deuterium and tritium

A

High-energy laser beams

75
Q

What kind of confinement fusion does the NIF use

A

Inertial confinement fusion

Chemistry (9 decks)

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